



1^ 













^'^'m:::'!^.- ■■■■ 




_ „ . Si , 







Lit 



HISTORY 



OF CANADA 



FOR 



THE USE OF SCHOOLS 



AND 



FAMILIES. 




BT JENNET ROY. 




NEW-YORK: 
PUBLISHED BY J. ROY. 



1847. 

L'tlfl 






Entered, accordinsf to Act of Congress-, in the year 1847, i 

BY JENNET ROY, 
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of tlie United States, for 

the Southern District of Neir York. i 



) 



Y 



-/ 



c\^ 



'^< 



TO TEACHERS. 



This little work has been composed to meet an 
actual want. When teaching in the western part 
of the Province, the writer found that there was 
no History of Canada in the English language 
at all fit for the School-room; and, having been 
favoured with the assistance of some gentlemen of 
literary standing, and the free use of the ample 
materials contained in the L^rary of the Le- 
gislative Assembly, she has ventured to put forth 
this little work, pleading as her excuse the ab- 
solute necessity of providing such a source of 
information for British American Youth. Could 
the work have been confined to the higher 
classes of Learners, it would have been of a more 
ntellectual character ; but it was judged necessary 
to adapt it to the capacity of the less advanced by 
dividing and simplifying the Questions, as there 
is no primary history to introduce it. 

The author would take the liberty to suggest 
that the Geographical part should be used by the 
pupil as a Keading-Book while pursuing the study 
->f the Historical parts, and, that the Map should be 
constantly referred to in both, as she has ever 
found that Geography illustrates History as much 
as History illuminates Geography. 

May 1st, 1847. 



CONTENTS, 



PART I. 

EARLY VOYAGES, CONQUESTS, AND DISCOVERIES IN 
NORTH AMERICA. 

CHAPTER I. 

PAGE * 

Discovery of America by Columbus, 1 

Discoveries of John and Sebastian Cabot, , . , .5 
Voyage of Caspar Cortereal, .....* 7 

of Elliott and Ashurst, 7 

of Giovanni Verrazani, 8 

■ of Jacques Cartier, 10 

CHAPTER II. 

Voyages, Conquests, and Discoveries, which took place 
in the Southern parts of North America, from the 
Discovery of Columbus to that of Jacques Cartier. 

of Vasco Nunez de Balboa, . . . . 12 

of Juan Ponce de Leon, 12 

ofDeAllyon, —^13 

Conquest of Mexico — Cortez, . . . . . .34 

Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan, 15 

of Pamphilio deNarvaez, .... 16 

of Ferdinand de Sotto, 17 



PART II. 

CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 

CHAPTER I. 

Expeditions under Cartier, 1534 — 5, ...» 20 

under Roberval, 1540, 27 

English Discoveries under Frobisher, 1576, ... 29 
French Voyages under De la Roche, Pontgrav^, and Chauviii, 

1598, 30 

English Discoveries under Bartholomew Gosnold, 1602, . 31 



VI CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER IL 

Voyages under De Chaste and Champlain, 1603, . . 33 

— under the Sieur De Monts, 1604, ... 34, 

Return of Champlain to Canada, 1608, . . . .35, 

CHAPTER HI. 

Administration of Champlain, 1632, .... 50^ 

of M. De Montmagny, 1633, . . .53 

of M. D'Aillebout, 1647, ... 55 

ofD'Argenson, 1658, . . . .59 

of D'Avangour, 1661, .... 59 

GoFcrnment of M. de Mesy, 1663, . . ... .62 

CHAPTER IV. 

Gorernment of the Marquis de Tracy, 1665, ... 63 
An Account of the Various Settlements on the American 

Continent at this period, 66 

CHAPTER V. 

GoTcrnment of M. de Courcelles, 1668, .... 74 

of M. de Frontenac, 1672, . . . .75 

- ... . ofM. deLaBarre, 1682, .... 78 

— ^ ofM. deDenonville, 1685, .... 80 

of M. de Frontenac, 1689, (second time,) . 84 

CHAPTER VI. 

Continuation ofM- de Frontenac's Administration, 1691, . 89 

Administration of M. de Caillieres, 1698, ... 93 

ofM. deVaudreui), 1703, . . . .94 

Charlevoix's Description of Canada in 1720-1, . . 96 

CHAPTER VII. 

A-dministration of the Marquis de Beauharnois, 1726, . 100 

of M. de Galissoniere, 1 747, . . . 102 

of the Marquis du Quesne, 1752, . .102' 

oftheSieurde Vaudreuil, 1755, . . 103 

Capture of Quebec by the Army under Wolfe, 1759^ . .105 



CONTENTS. vn 

PART III. M. / 

CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 

CHAPTER I. 

History of Canada from 1 759 to the Peace of 1763, . 114 
— from 1763 to the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence by the United States in 1774, ^ 118 

— ~ from 1774 to the Declaration of War 

in 1812, 120 

CHAPTER II. 
General History from 1812 to the Peace of 1814 and 1815, . 129 

from 1815 to 1832, . . . . 139 

from 1832 (including the first Insurrection) 

to 1838, 143 

— '-^ from 1838 (including the second Insurrec- 
tion) to the Union of the Provinces in 
1841, 156 



PART IV. 

GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF CANADA. 

CHAPTER I. 

Extent of British America, . . . , . . 165 

Canada and its boundaries, 166 

Its mountains, 167 

Its inland waters, 168 

Lake Superior, ........ 168 

Lake Huron, 172 

CHAPTER n. 

Lake Huron and Huron District, . . . , . 176 

The Chippewas of Saugeen, 178 

Lake St. Clair, 179 

Indian Settlements, . . . . . . .179 

Lake Erie, ........ 180 

French Settlements on the Detroit, . . . . .182 

Indian Settlements near Amherstburg, . , . . 183 
Ports on Lake Erie, . . . . ; . .183 

Grand River, 183 

Niagara River, 18^ 

Falls, 189 



VIU 



CONTENTS. 



Queenston and Lewiston, . . . 


. 192 


Forts on the Niagara, . . v • . . 


192 


CHAPTER III. 




Lake Ontario, 


. 192 


Hamilton, 


193 


Toronto, , 


. 194 


Lake Simcoe, 


195 


Bay of Quinte, 


. 196 


Kingston, ...... 


197 


Lake of the Thousand Isles, 


. 198 


St. Regis, . . . . 


199 




. 199 


Beauharnois Canal, ..... 


200 




. 201 


French River, . • . . . 


201 


Chaudiere Falls, . . , . 


. 203 


Rideau Canal, ..... 


204 




. 204 


Lake of the Two Mountains, 


205 




. 205 


Caughnawaga, ..... 


206 


Lachine Canal, 


206 


CHAPTER IV. 




Montreal, ...... 


. 207 


The Richelieu, ..... 


208 


Lake Champlain, ..... 


. 209 


Lake St. Peter, ..... 


210 


Three Rivers, ..... 


. 211 


Quebec, ...... 


212 


The Fall of Montmorency, > . 


. 215 


The St. Lawrence, ..... 


216 


The Saguenay, ..... 


. 218 


Climate of Canada, ..... 


220 


The State of Religion and Education, 


. 221 


The Government of Canada, .... 


221 


The Districts and Counties in Eastern Canada with 


the 


population, .... 


. 222 


The Districts and Counties in Western Canada with 


the 


population, ..... 


224 


Tal)le of Proper Names, .... 


. 228 


Corrections, ....•• 


232 



HISTORY OF CANADA. 



PART I. 

VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES, 

^SXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, BV 

coLUMBtrs, IX 1492, to the discovery of 

THE ST. LAW^RENCEj BY JACQUES tJAR- 

TIER, in 1535— EMBRACING A 

PERIOD OF 43 YEARS. 



CHAPTER I. 



EARLY VOYAGES, CONQUESTS, AND DISCOVERIES IN , Of what 
•^ does Chape 

NORTH AMERICA. ter 1st 



treat ? 



DIVISIONS. 



1. Di&covery of America by Columbus. — //. Discoveries of What are 
John and Sebastian Cabot. — III. Voyages of Gaspar sions^of 
C(yrtereal.—IV. Hugh Elliott and Th&mas AMurst.— V. CJiap- Jst? 
Giovanni Verrazani^ — VL Jacques Cartier. 

I. Discovery of America by Columbus. — 1. 

I 1 •z' What is 

The existence of a new world, if not known to the said of the 

1 .111 T . ^^w world ? 

ancients, was at least suspected by them. It is 
certain that an idea was entertained, that it would did the an- 
be easy to sail from the western coast of Spain to tain relative 
the shores of India. They had, however, no pro- 
per notion of the magnitude of the globe, and thought proper Idea 
that a few days would be sufficient for such a voyage, nitiufe ofale 
The existence of an immense continent between of^the exis^ 
their point of departure, and the extreme shores of *^ wls^rn 
India, was beyond their conception. Neither did wffis^Jid 
the first navigators expect to make such a discovery ; navigators'? 
it may be said that they but stumbled upon America, 



'i VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 

th^ wislfto ^^ ^^^^ ^^"^® ^^ *^® s^o^^s of Cathay or India, 
s*j" I^^^.if"^ They were anxious to obtain a readier access to this 

clCC6SS to * 

India t country, because the commerce of these tropical re- 
gions had, even then, enriched several of the com- 
mercial nations of Europe. 

2. Yhere is some reason to believe that the 

What is ancient writers, Aristotle, Strabo, Pliny and Seneca, 

there reason . , . ■> -i ' 

to believe? entertained the opinion mentioned above. Strabo 
whatissaid alonc sooms to have imagined the distance between 

of Strabo? , . i i f 

the two contments ; he says " that the ocean encom- 
passes the whole earth ; that in the east it washes 
the coasts of India, and in the west those of Africa 
and Spain, and that if the vastness of the Atlantic 
did not hinder, they might soon sail from one to the 
other." Seneca, in one of his tragedies, saVs "there 

— ofSene- . ' b J J 

ca 1 will come a time in after ages, when the ocean will 
loose the bonds of matter, and a vast country will be 

— ofAris- discovered." And in a book ascribed to Aristotle, 
Canhagin*-^ ^^^^ Carthaginians are said to have discovered, far 

ians. beyond the Pillars of Hercules (the straits of 
Gibraltar), an island, in the Atlantic ocean, of great 
extent and fertility, watered by large and magnificent 
rivers — but entirely uninhabited. The Tvrians are 

— oftheTy- . -^ . . -^ 

rians ? said to have evinced some intention of occupying 
this island, but were prevented by the jealousy of 
the Carthaginians. 
Whatissaid 3. The Welsh too claim to have niade the dis- 
claim'? covery of America about the year 1170, when they 
say Madoc, one of their princes, sailed to the new 
world, and then established a colony. There is no 
Why is this probability in this tradition, as the Welsh were not, in 

considered i J ^ ' 

tobeimpro. the age of Madoc, a naval people, and must have 
been ignorant of all navigation, except that of rivers 
and coasts. 



COLUMBUS. ' o 

4. There is far more reason to believe that the g^^*{ H^ 
Icelanders knew something of the western world. — ^cilSSfv 
It is asserted that an Iceland bark, in the early part what is 
of the eleventh centuiy, having been driven south-west "them i 
from Greenland by adverse winds, touched upon the 

coast of Labrador, that subsequent voyages were 
made, and that colonies were estabhshed upon some 
portions of the countiy which is now called British 
America. 

5. These traditions, however, do not in the least Do these 

claims de- 

detract from the honour so universally ascribed to tract from 

/-I L • 1 /-( 1 1 1 • 1 1 *h^ merit of 

Christopher Columbus, who is, by the common con- Columbus v 
sent of the world, called the discoverer of America. 

6. This remarkable man was born about the ^^^"^^1^ 
middle of the fifteenth century, and entered early in life 

into the service of the Portuguese, who were then 
actively engaged in commercial pursuits. During upo^ ^^at 
his frequent voyages, he began to reflect on the pos- Je begL'^to 
sibility of reaching the eastern world,T)y a different ^^^^^^ • 
route from any that had been taken. After much or what aid 
study, he became convinced, that, by sailing vves- con^fncg'SI 
terly, he could more readily approach the farther 
boundary of the country he sought, than by any 
other route. It is said that, during some of these >^,^^'^ ^^h^"^ 

° IS he said to 

voyages, he met with some of the natives of Iceland, I'^ve met ? 
from whom he heard of the discovery of a con- 
tinent to the west, which he probably supposed to 
be the eastern shore of Cathay. 

7. Determined to ascertain the truth by a personal What was 
investigation, he first applied for aid > to his own '^^^°° "" " 
country, Genoa, but without success. His next Where did 
application was to the court of Portugal, with no next apply i 
better result. His final resort was to the court of what was 
Spain, then under Ihe separate government of Fer- ^"^ fjl t V^" 
dinand of Arragon, and Isabella of Castile. Thq 



4 



VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 



What was 
the 

of the King] 
— of the 
Queen 1 



conduct -^^"S refused to countenance his design. The 
Queen, however, more wise and liberal, consented to 
patronize it, — furnishing the means of accomplishing 
the voyage from her own treasury, and actually sell- 
ing her jewels to simply the deficiene}Mn the na- 
tional resources. 

8. On Friday, the 3rd of August j 1492, Colum- 



1492 



When did 



he sail, and bus Sailed from Palos, a port of Spain, and on the 

when did ^ ^ ' 

he make his 12th of October, to his unspeakable gratification, he 
rovery ? made his fi^rst discovery in the new world. This 
What land was one of the Bahama islands, called by the 
he first dis- natives Gaunahani, — named by Golumbus,. St. Sal- 
vador — and afterwards, by some unpardonable 
caprice, called by the English, Cat island. He 
name did he landed the same day, took possession of it in the 
?ion^o7i^ " name of the Spanish sovereigns, and assumed the 
what titles titles of Admiral and Viceroy, which had been 
''sume^i' awarded to him, before he sailed from Europe. 

9. Leaving this island, he passed on to another 
where he landed, and which he named Concep- 
tion. On the 17th, he reached one, which he 
called Ferdinando — in modern maps, it is named 
Exuma. Pursuing his voyage, he discovereil the 
island called by him,. Isabella, and,, by more recent, 
navigators, Long island. He afterwards discovered 
the important island of Cuba — and Hispaniola or 
St. Domingo, now called Hayti. Here he built a 
fortress, and leaving thirty-nine men in possession 
of it, he sailed for Spain, He arrived there, after 
a stormy and dangerous voyage, on, the 4th of 
January, 1493, having taken not quite seven 
months and a half, to accomplish this most momen- 
tous enterprize. 
n. — Discoveries of John and Sebastian 



What other 
islands did 
he discover? 



What did 
he build in 
St, Domin- 
go? 
J493 
When did 
he arrive in 
Spain 1 



1496 



€ABOT. D 

Cabot. — 1. Several of the European nations claim ^'jf/j^l^**^ 
the honour of having discovered The Continent of European 

° nations * 

North America. There can be no doubt, however, 

that England has the best right to it, for, in 14?96, whatcoun- 

° ^ ' ' ^ try has a 

after Columbus had returned to Europe, Henry VII. just claim to 
fitted out a small fleet of ships, and gave a commis- 
sion to John Cabot, a celebrated Venetian naviga- And why i 
tor, and his sons, to explore for what Columbus was 
in search of— a north-west passage to the Indies or what was 
China. The result of this voyage was, doubtless, this voyage? 
the discovery of the North American continent. ]497 

2. They sailed from the port of Bristol, in the port did the 
spring of 1497, and, on the 3d of July, discovered "^mfi*"^^ 
the coast of Labrador. The opposite island, now , Why did 

^^ ' they call the 

called Newfoundland, they called St. Johns, having opposite 

' -^ ? 6 island 

landed there on St. John's day. Tothe mainland, they st- Johns? 
gave the name of Terra primum visa — or, Prima- did^h^ygTv^e 
vista (first seen). The English navigators thus ^""iand'i"'" 
reached the continent of North America only five How long 

before Co- 

years after Columbus had discovered the West iambus did 
In<iies, and more than a twelvemonth before that navigators 
celebrated man had touched at any part of the continent of 

North 
continent. America 1 

3. The adventurers appear to have penetrated 

into Hudson's Bay. They sailed as far as lat. 67^, „orth did 
50' north. After exploring the gulf of St. Law- l^S'ow'rar 
rence, they performed an extensive voyage along ^^^^^^ ^ 
the eastern coast as far south as Virginia, and 
then, anxious to announce their success, returned to 
England, where John Cabot received the honour of 
knighthood for his discoveries. 

4. Sebastian Cabot became a much greater whatissaij 
navigator than his father, and made three subse- ^ cabo\ i*" 
quent voyages to the new world, but no settlement 

A 2 



VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 



What south- 
<'rn country 
is he said to 
have dis- 
covered 1 



What did 
he explore? 



What was 
he made, 

and 
what pen- 
sion did he 
receive 1 



What is to 
be regret- 
led? 



What ought 
to have been 
the designa- 
tion of the 
western 
worlds 

Give an ac- 
count of the 
agreement 
entered into 
by Henry 
Vir., with 
Barthole- 
mew Colum- 
bus ? 



What ap- 
pf nrs from 
this ac- 
count ? 



was effected on its shores. In one of these voy- 
ages, he is said to have discovered the beautiful 
country now called Florida, which was afterwards 
visited by Ponce de Leon, and taken possession of 
by the Spaniards. In 1526, having entered the ser- 
vice of Spain, he explored the river La Plata, and 
part of the coast of South America. Returning to 
England, during the reign of Edward VL, he 
was made Grand Pilot of England, and received 
a pension of £166 10s. 4<d, per annum, for his 
services. 

5, It is much to be regretted that neither Colum- 
bus nor Cabot were immortalized in the lands they 
discovered, by having them called after their names, 
and that Amerigo Vespuccio, an obscure drawer of 
charts, should, by a bold usurpation, have called it 
America. The noble name of Columbia ought to 
have been the general designation of the western 
world. 

6. It is a remarkable fact, that England was one 
of the first nations that entered into the scheme of 
Columbus ; indeed his brother Bartholomew had so 
far interested our sagacious monarch, Henry VII., 
that he made proposals to carry it into execution, 
but Columbus was then in treaty with Isabella, and 
four 5'ears afterwards, when he was just upon the 
point of relinquishing all hopes from that quarter, 
and renewing his application to England, Isabella 
decided in his favour. Thus it appears that Eng- 
land had the honour of first admitting the proposals 
of Columbus ; and that it was by a mere accident, 
the discovery of the West Indies was subse- 
quently made by Columbus, in 1492, under Spanish,, 
and not under British auspices. 



CORTEREAL, ELLIOTT, ASHURST. > 

in. Caspar Gorteheal. — 1. la 1500, Caspar ,„]-^o^ 

' ^ Who waa. 

Cortereal, a Portuguese gentleman, visited the coast, Gaspar ^ 
and pursued the track of Sir John Cabot. He 
accomplished nothing, however, except the kid- 

^ ^' ' . ' What did he 

napping, of more than fifty of the natives, whom, on accomplish? 
his return, he sold to slavery. 

2. Cortereal sailed oa a, secojnd voyage, with, a what is said, 
determination to pursue his discovery, and bring Conereaii 
back a cargo of slaves. Not returning as soon as was 
expected, his brother Michael sailed in search of — ofhisbro- 
him, but no apcoynts of either ev^r again reacl^d 
Portugal. 

3. The King of Portugal had such an affection Whatissaid 
for these two young gentlemen, that he is stated to orponugaf? 
have fitted out, at his own expense, an expedition 

to go in search of them, which returned without 
any information as to the manner or place of their, 
death. In an old map. published ia 150.8, the n^^^T^viTe 
Labrador coast is called Terra Corterealis ; and the "J*^^o^st or 

' Labrador 

entrance to the gulf of St. Lawrence was long and nieguir 

^ & of St. Law-. 

known to the Portuguese, bv.,the name of the gulf of , '■*''-^'<^ 

° ' « ° known lo 

the Two Brothers. «''« Portu- 

guese ? 

IV. Hugh Elliott and Thomas Ashurst. — i.on? 
1. In 1502, Hugh Elliott and Thomas Ashurst, fd a patent 
n erchants of Bristol, with two other gentlemen, H^r^'?^ 
obtained a patent from Henry to establish colonies 
in the newly discovered cour. tries — and in the fol- 
lowing year, Henry fitted out another expedition, Titnly'^lh 
which sailed in 1507, but was not attended with ""^• 
any important result. 

C. Various circumstances combined to withdraw What is said 
the successors of Henry, from the brilliant career cessors or 
that had been opened to them in the new world. 



VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 



werrthS "^^^y ^vere succeeded in it by France, and it is 
succeeded 1 singular, that the settlement of the greatest part of 

what is now British America was effected by that 

power. 
^KTu^f-^ •, 3. As early as 1517, the English, Fr^ch,. 

what IS said •' ' b 7 - r 

oftheiish- Spanish and Portuguese, had so far made their dis- 

ery of IView- ^ o ^ 

feundiand 1 coveries in the new world useful, that they had' 
established a successful fishery at Newfoundland, 
in which they had fifty-seven vessels engaged. 



l.iv!3 

Give nn ac- 
count of the 
voyage of 
Venazani 1 



What hap- 

pended to 

three of the 

vessels 1 



In v^rhat la- 
titude did he 
reach the 
American 
coast 1 



What is said 

of his first 

landing and 

intercourse 

with the 

natives 1 



What story 

is told of a 

young 

sailor ? 



V. — 1. In the latter part of 1523, Francis I.. 
of France, a monarch deeply captivated with the 
love of glory, fitted out a squadron of four ships, the 
command of which he gave to Giovanni Verraizani, 
a Florentine navigator of great skill and celebrity. 
Soon after the vessels had sailed, three of them 
were so damaged in a storm that they were com - 
pelled to return ; but Verrazani proceeded in a 
single vessel, with a determination to make new 
discoveries. Sailing from Madeira in a westerly 
direction, he reached the coast of America, probably 
in the latitude of Wilmington, the principal seaport 
in North Carolina. 

2. After exploring the coast for some distance^ 
north and south, without being able to find a harbour, 
he was obliged to send a boat on shore to open an 
intercourse with the natives. The savages at first 
fled, but soon recovering their confidence, they en- 
tered into an amicable traffic with the strangers. 

3. At one place, by the desire of Verrazani, a 
young sailor had undertaken to swim to land, and 
accost the natives, but when he saw the crowds 
which thronged the beach, he repented of his pur- 
pose, and, although within a few yards of the landing 



GIOVANNI VERRAZANI. 



^ 



place, his courage failed, and he attempted to turn 
back. At this moment, the water only reached his 
waist ; but overcome with terror and exhaustion, he 
had scarcely strength to cast his presents and trin- 
kets upon the beach, when a high wave threw him 
senseless on the shore. The savages ran immediately 
to his assistance, took him up in their arms, and 
carried him a short distance from the sea. Great 
was his terror, when, upon coming to his senses, he 
found himself in their power. Stretching his han Js 
towards the ship, he uttered piercing cries, to which 
the natives replied by loud yells, intendmg, as he 
afterwards found, to re-assure him. They then carried 
him to the foot of a hill, stripped him naked, turned 
his face to the sun, and kindled a large fire near him. 

4. He was now fully impressed with the horrible 
thought, that they were about to sacrifice him to the 
sun. His companions on board, unable to render 
him any assistance, were of the same opinion ; they 
thought, to use Verrazani's own words, " that the na- 
tives were going to roast and eat him. Their fears, 
however, were soon turned to gratitude and astonish- 
ment ; the savages dried his clothes, warmed him, 
and shewed him every mark of kindness, care^ing 
and patting his white skin with apparent surprise. 
They then dressed him, conducted him. to the beach, 
tenderly embraced him, and pointing to the vessel, 
removed to a little distance, to show that he was at 
liberty to return to his friends." 

5. Proceeding north, the voyagers landed, pro- 
bably near the city of New York, where, prompted 
by curiosity, they kidnapped and carried away an 
Indian child — a sad return for the kindness displayed 
by the natives to the young man, thrown upon their 



What hap- 
pened to 
him ■? 



What was 

the 
ronrluct of 
the Indians? 



What idea 

now took 

possession 

of him and 

ofhis. 
shipmates T 



How were 
ttieir fears 
removed I 



Where did 
the voya- 
gers land, 
and what 
disgracpfu! 
action did 
they com- 
mit 1 



10 VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES. 

What port shores. It is supposed that Verrazani entered the-^ 

isVerrazani ^^ 

aiipposed to haven of Newport, in Rhode Island, where he 

have en- *■ ^ ' 

tered? remained fifteen days. Here the natives were- 
liberal, friendly, and confiding; and the country was 
the richest that he had yet seen. 
How far 6. Verrazani proceeded still further north, and. 

north did he 

proceed,and explored the coast as lar as Newfoundland, but he 

of the found the natives of the northern regions hostile and- 

jealoua, and unwilling to traffic except for weapons 

aid he give of war. He gave to the whole region the name of 

region^? L^ Nouvelle Francc, and took possession of it in 

the name of his sovereign. 

whattiadi- 7. Although there is no evidence that Verrazani 

tjon has ° 

])een extant evon approached any part of Canada, there has been 
from an ear- a tradition extant in this country, from an early, 

ly period? . ^ x ^ • e^ -r 

period, that the river St. Lawrence was the scene of 
Is this stnry his death. But this story of his having been massa-. 
cred with his crew, and afterwards devoured by the 
savages, is absolute fable, and does great injustice to 
the Red men of Canada. 



1634 YI. Jacques C artier. — 1. The celebrated' 

Give an ac- ^ . i i tt • tt i i 

count of tiie Jacques C artier succeeded Verrazani. He explored 

first voyage /- „ i . i i 

of Jacques the uorth east coast careiully, and passing through 

the straits of Belleisle, traversed the great gulf of the 

St. Lawrence, and arrived in the bay of Chaleurs in 

July. He was delighted with the peaceable and 

Repent friendly conductoftho natives '^who",saysHackluyt, 

what is said <; -^ ^^ ^f ^j^^j^. boats. Came unto us, and brought 

!)y an old ' ^ o 

historian 1 yg pieces of scals ready sodden, putting them upon 
pieces of wood : then, retiring themselves, they 
would make signs unto us, that they did give them 
to us." 

2. From this hospitable place,' where the natives 



whftt did he 



JAC(iUES CARTIER. 11 

seem to have displayed some of the politeness of J"gjJ|f*,,g 
modern society, Jacques Cartier proceeded to GaBp6 "^xt pro-- 

•' ' ^ ^ * ceed, and 

Bay ; where he erected a cross thirty feet high, 
with a shield beairing the three fleurs-de-lys of 
France, thus taking possession in the name of 
Francis the First. 

3. He carried off two natives from Gasp6, who Give an m- 

T count of his 

were of great use to him on his succeeding voyage, conduct to 

_ , . .11.' ^h*^ natives 

It appears, however, that it was with their own con- of Gaspe t 
sent, as they allowed themselves to be clothed in 
shirts, coloured coats, and red caps, and to have a 
copper chain placed about their neck, " whereat 
they were greatly contented, and gave their old 
clothes to their fellows that went back a^ain." 
Cartier coasted along the northern shores of the gulf, did^he takJj 
when, meeting with boisterous weather, he made 7iTiie\r-'' 
sail for France, and arrived at St. Malo on the 5th France"? 
of September. 

4. This celebrated navigator calls for more especial i.')X'. 
notice from us, inasmuch as he was the first who thisct^ie- 
explored the shores of Canada to any considerable gator de- 
extent, and was the very first European who be- " special 
came acquainted with the existence of Hochelaga, 
and in 1535 pushed his way, through all obstacles, 
till he discovered and entered the village, which 
occupied the very spot on which now stands Mon- 
treal, the capital city of Canada. 



notice ? 



^2 VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIEB. 

CHAPTER II. 

Of what VOYAGES, CONQCTESTS, AND DISCOVERIES, WHICH TOOK 

does this PLACE IN THE SOUTHERN PARTS OF NORTH 

Chapter 
jreat? AMERICA, FROM THE TIME OF THE 

DISCOVERY OF COLUMBUS TO 

THAT OF JACQUES 

CARTIER. 



DIVISIONS. 

What are /. Vasco Nunet de Balboa. — //. Juan Ponce de Leon. — ///. 
of this '' -^^ Mlyon. — IV. Ferdinando Cortez. — V. Ferdirumd 
Chapter ? Magellan. — VI. Pamphilio de Narvaez. — VII. Ferdinand 
de Soto. 

What nation I. Vasco Nunez DE Balboa. — 1. During the 

colonized . , ,. . i i i 

the principal time that discoveries were prosecuted by the 

the West English and French in the north, the principal 

islands in the West Indies were colonized, and 

subjected to Spanish authority. 

What is eaid 2. The eastern coast of Yucatan was discovered in 

e^overyand 1506, and in 1510 the first colony was planted on 

of YuolVan" the isthmus of Darien. Soon after this, Vasco 

By whom Nunez de Balboa, who was governor of the colony, 

was the ° _ •' ' 

southern crosscd the isthmus, on the western side of the 

Ocean first 

discovered continent, and, from a high mountain, discovered the 

and named 1 ! , , . • i , i- . 

ocean, which, bemg seen m a southerly direction at 
first, received the name of the South Sea. 

By whom H. JuAN PonCe DE Leon. — 1. In I5l2, Juan 

was an ex- 
pedition Ponce de Leon, an aged veteran, who had been 

fitted out— -r^ 

and for what governor of Porto Rico, fitted out three ships for a 
voyage of discovery, hoping to find in a neighbouring 



JVo^e.— The Teacher may pass this Chapter until a second repe* 
tition, as it relates to the south, and does not interfere with the 
History of Canada. 



DE ALLYON — FERNANDO CORTEZ. 13 

island, a fountain, which was said to possess the 
remarkable properties of restoring the youth, and 
perpetuating the life of any one who should bathe 
in its stream, and drink of its waters. Of course, What suc- 

^ cess attend- 

this wonderful fountain was not to be found, but ed his expe- 

dition? 

after cruismg for sometime amongst the Bahamas, 
he discovered a country, to which, from the abun- 
dance of flowers with which it was adorned, and 
from its being first seen on Easter Sunday, which the 
Spaniards call Pascua Florida, he gave the name 
of Florida. 

2. A few years later, havina; been appointed What was 

... , , 1 , . , the result of 

governor of this country, he landed on its snores, his second 
but was mortally wounded in a contest with the 
natives. 

3. Although this fine country was thus visited By whom is 

° •' Florida said 

and named by the Spaniards, there is good reason to »» have been 

•^ -^ ° discovered ? 

believe, as already stated, that it was first discovered 
by Sebastian Cabot, in his exploration of the eastern 
coast of America. 



III. De Allyon. — 1. Soon after the defeat of What is said 
Ponce de Leon in Florida, De Allyon, a judge of prize of De" 
St. Domingo, with several others, dispatched two ^°^ ' 
vessels to the Bahamas, in quest of labourers for 
their plantations and mines. Being driven north- Ofthedis- 
ward, they anchored at the mouth of Cambahee Carolina ? 
river, which they named the Jordan, and the coun- 
try Chicora. This country was afterwards colonized 
by the English, and received the name of Carohna. 

2. Here the natives treated the strangers with or the kind - 
great kindness, and freely visited the ships,but when a natives, and 
sufficient number was below decks, the perfidious ^ ^of the ^ 
Spaniards closed the hatches, and set sail for St. SP*"'"'^'' ' 

B 



14 



VOYAGES, CONQUESTS AND DISCOVERIES. 



What was 
the fate of 

the 
prisoners ? 



Give an ac- 
count of his 
second voy- 
age and its 
result ? 



Domingo. One of the returning ships was lost, and 
most of the Indian prisoners in the other, sullenly 
refusing fooJ, died of famine and melancholy. 

3. Having received the appointment of governor 
of Chicora, De AUyon returned to complete the con- 
quest of the country when his principal vessel wa3 
lost. Proceeding a little further north, many of the 
Spaniards were induced to visit a village, where they 
weie cut olT by the natives, in revenge for their 
former treachery. De Allyon's vessel was attacked, 
a nd the few survivors, in dismay, hastened back to 
St. Domingo. 



When and 
by whom 

was 
Yucatan 
explored 1 

What is said 

of the 

natives! 



»y whom 
were oe- 
signs of 
conquest 
formed ? 



What is said 
of Velas- 
quez? 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
invasion of 
Mexico by 
Cortez 1 

Why did he 
destroy 



IV. Conquest of Mexico — Fernando Cor- 
tez, — 1 . The northern coast of Yucatan was explor- 
ed by Fran Cisco Fernandez de Cordova in 1517. He 
found the natives bold and warlike, decently clad, 
?nd living in Inrge edifices of stone. They shewed 
the most determined opposition to the Spaniards, and 
obliged Cordova to return to Cuba, where he soon 
after died. 

2. Under the auspices of Velasquez, governor of 
Cuba, Juan de Grigalva explored a part of the south- 
ern coast of Mexico, and obtained a large amount 
of treasure by trafficing with the natives, Velasquez, 
findinghimself enriched by the result, and beingelated 
with success, determined to undertalce the conquest 
of the wealtliy country which had been discovered, 
and hastily fitted out an armament for the purpose, 
Not being able to accompany the expedition in 
person, he gave the command to Fernando Cortez, 
who landed in Tabasco, a southern province of 
Mexico. With great resolution, Cortez destroyed 
his vessels, in order that his men should be left 



FERNANDO CORTEZ. 15 

without any resources but their own valour, and yg^g^jg, 
commenced his march towards the Mexican 
capital. 

3. Making his way thither, with varied success, What place 
lie reached the vast plain of Mexico. Numerous reach i 
villages and cultivated fields extended as far as the eye ^^city'^of **^ 
could reach, and in the middle of the plain, partly Mexico r 
encompassing a large lake, and partly built on islands 

within it, stood the city of Mexico, adorned with its 
numerous temples and turrets. Montezuma, the king, How were 
received the Spaniards with great magnificence, spanfards 
assigned them a spacious and elegant ed'fice to live 
in, supplied all their wants, and bestowed upon them 
all presents of great value. 

4. Cortez having basely betrayed Montezuma, What is said 
the rage of the Mexicans was so roused, that they ^^andTh" 
attacked the Spaniards,regardless of their monarch's ®^*^^°* 
presence, and accidentally wounded him. Struck ^of 
with remorse, they fled, and Montezuma, scorning m^'s"deatM 
to survive, rejected the attentions of the Spaniards 

and refusing to take any nourishment, soon termin- 
ated his wretched days. Cortez, by his boldness, Give an ac- 
and the discipline of his little army, gained so ^renlato^^ 
decided an advantage, that the whole host of the ^ardfK." 
Mexicans, panic struck, fled to the mountains, and ^^^^^° • 
allowed him to retreat safely to the shore. 

5. Having received suppUes and reinforcements. Give an ac- 
he returned again in 1520, and after various successes *^fiScon-^ 
and reverses, and a prolonged siege of the capita), Mexico^ i 
in August 1521, the city yielded, the fate of the 

empire was decided, and Mexico became a pro- 
vince of Spain. 

V. Ferdinand Magellan. — 1. A very impor- 
tant event, which took place about the same lime, de-. 



16 VOYAGES, CONQUESTS AND DISCOVERIES. 

What other mands our notice, as itforms the final demonstration 

important ' 

event re- of the theory of Columbus : namely, the first circum- 

quires ^ •' ' 

notice 1 navigation of the globe, by Ferdinand Magellan, 

which was accomplished in three years and 

twenty-eight days. 

Under 2. This voyage was performed under the auspices 

tronagedid of Charlcs V. of Spain. Magellan set sail from 

when ? Seville, in Spain, in August, 1519. After spending 

Give an ac- Several months on the coast of South America, 

voyage, em- Searching for a passage to the Indies, he continued 

first circura- his voyage to the south, passed through the strait 

of thegtobe"i l^hat bears his name, and after sailing three months 

and twenty-one days through an unknown ocean, 

he discovered a cluster of fertile islands which he 

named the Ladrones, or the islands of thieves, from 

Why did he ^^ thievish disposition of the natives. The fair 

ocean*over weather, and favourable winds which he experi- 

M?ied the ^nced, induced him to bestow on this ocean the 

^ Pacific?^ name of the Pacific, which it still retains. 

What ^' Proceeding from the Ladrones, he discovered 

islands did the islands which were afterwards called the Phil- 
he next dis- 
cover 1 lippines, in honour of Philip, King of Spain, who 

subjected them forty years after the voyage of 

What hap- Magellan. Here in a contest with the natives, 

penedl ° 

Magellan was killed, and the expedition was prose- 
cuted under other commanders. After taking in 
thetermina- a cargo of splces at the Moluccas, the only vessel 
expedition "J of the squadron, then fit for a long voyage, sailed 
for Europe, by the way of the Cape of Good Hope, 
and arrived in Spain, in September, 1522. 

Whatissaid ^I* PaMPHILIO DE NaRVAEZ. — 1. In 1526, 

de^ivSvaez? Pamphilio de Narvaez solicited and obtained the ap- 
pointment of governor of Florida, and landed there 



NARVAEZ — FERDINAND DE SOTO, 



IT 



with a force of three hundred men, when, erecting 
the royal standard, he took possession of the country 
for the crown of Spain. 

2. During two months, the Spaniards wandered or the 
about in the hope of finding some wealthy empire ^^onhe°^' 
like Mexico or Peru, but their hopes were disap- Spaniards t 
pointed. They returned to the sea coast, where 
they constructed some boats in which they set sail, 
but being driven out into the gulf by a storm, Nar- What was 

1 1 11 u- . . 1 J their fate 1 

vaez, and nearly all his companions, perished. 



VII. Ferdinand de Soto.— 1. Notwithstand- 
ing the melancholy result of the expedition of De 
Narvaez, it was still believed that wealthy regions 
might be discovered in the interior of Florida. 
Ambitious of finding them, Ferdinand de Soto, a 
Spanish cavalier of noble birth, applied to the 
Spanish emperor for permission to undertake the 
conquest of Florida, at his own risk and expense. 

2. The emperor not only granted his request, but 
appointed him governor for life of Florida, and also 
of the island of Cuba. Leaving his wife to govern 
Cuba, he embarked for Florida, and early in June, 
1539, his fleet anchored in Tampa Bay. 

3. Sending most of his vessels back again to 
Cuba, he commenced his march into the interior. 
After wandering for more than five months 
through unexplored and uncultivated regions, he 
arrived at the fertile country,, east of the Flint river, 
where he passed the winter* 

4. At the end of five months, he broke up his 
camp, and set out for a remote country lying to the 
north east, which was said to be governed by a 
woman, and to abound in gold and silver. To 

B 2 



What was 

the pre- 
valent belief 
with regard 
to the inter- 
ior of 
Florida ? 

Who was 
Ferdinand 
De Soto, and 
what was 
his design ? 



What ap- 
pointment 
was bestow- 
ed upon 

him 1 
when did 
he reach 
Florida ? 



Where did 

De Soto 

spend 

the first 

winter ? 



What 
course did 
he take in 
the spring ? 



18 



VOYAGES, CONQUESTS AND DISCOVERIES. 



What disap- 
pointment 
(lidDe Soto 
meet with ? 



Why was 

the country 

of the 

Cherokees 
visited, and 

what was 

the result ? 



What is said 

of Mauville, 

and what 

'occurred 

there ? 

Give an ac- 
count of the 
great battle 
near 
Mobile ? 



What was 
the deter- 
mination of 
De Soto, and 
where did he 
spend his 
second 
winter ? 



When and 

Avhere did 

he cross the 

Mississippi? 

What_ 
course did 
he then 
take? 



Where did 

he pass the 

third 

winter ? 



his great disappointment, after penetrating, it is sup- 
posed, nearly to the Savannah river, he found 
indeed the territory of the princess, but the fancied 
gold proved to be copper, and the silver only thin 
plates of mica. 

5. Hearing there was gold in a region still farther 
north, he dispatched two horsemen, with Indian 
guides, to visit the country of the Cherokees, but 
they returned, bringing with them a few specimens 
of copper, but none of gold or silver. He then led 
his party through the vallies of Alabama, until they 
arrived at Mauville,* a fortified Indian town near 
the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee* 
Here was fought one of the most bloody battles 
known in Indian w^arfare. Many of the Spaniards 
fell, many lost their horses, and all their baggage 
was consumed in the flames. The contest lasted 
nine hours, several thousand Indians were slain, 
and their village laid in ashes. Not dismayed by- 
this opposition, and determined not to return till he 
had crovv^ned his enterprize with success, De Soto 
again advanced into the interior, and passed his 
second winter in the country of the Chickasaws, 
near the Yazoo river. 

6. Early in the spring, De Soto resumed his 
march, until he reached the Mississippi, which he 
crossed at the lowest Chickasaw bluff. Thence he 
continued north, until he arrived in the southern 
part of the State of Missouri. After traversing the 
country west of the Mississippi for two or three 
hundred miles, he passed the winter on the banks 
of the Wachita. In the spring, he passed down 



• Mauvillej whence Mobile derives its name. 



FERDINAND DE SOTO* 



19 



that river to the Mississippi, where he was taken Whaiissaid 

^^ ' , ,. of the death 

sick and died : his faithful followers wrapped his and burial 

' . rP . of De Soto? 

body in a mantle, and placing it in a rustic coffin, in 
the stillness of midnight, silently sunk it in the 
middle of the stream. 

7. The remnant of the party was constrained to where did 

i^ '^ the Spani- 

retum, and having passed the winter at the mouth ardspass 

' => ^ the fourth 

o( the Eed river, they embarked the next summer winter ? 
in large boats which they had constructed, and in 
seventeen davs reached the gulf of Mexico. They in what 

" 1.1 1 /- inanner did 

continued along the coast, and, in the month oi the remnant 
September, 1543, arrived half naked, and famishing reach 
with hunger, at a Spanish settlement near the 
mouth of the river Panuco in Mexico. 

8. It was about the same time that De Soto com- During the 
menced these investigations in the south, and in the soto pur- 
valley of the Mississippi, that Jacques Cartier investi^- 
sailed up the St. Lawrence, and made the first south I"what 
settlement in Canada — to the history of which events^o*- 
country we will now return. Canada ? 



20 CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 

PART IL 

CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 

EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY, EXTEND- 
ING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF CARTIER, 1535, 
TO THE CAPTURE OF QUEBEC, 1760, 
A PERIOD OF 225 YEARS. 



CHAPTER I. 
DIVISIONS. 



What are ^' Expeditions under Cartier, 1534-5. — II. Expedition 

ihe divisions under Roberval, 1540. — III. English Discoveries undej' 
of Chapter ^ 

the first? Martin Frobisher, 1576. — IV. French Voyages under De 

la Roche-Pontgrave, and Chauvin, 1598. — V. English 

Discoveries under Bartholomew Gosnoldj 1602. 

'534 I. Expedition under C artier, 1534". — 1. 

What reus- The conduct of the Pope, in granting to Spain the 

edtheatten- l J fe & r 

tionof possession of the whole continent of America, 

Francis to ^ ^ ' 

the new roused Francis I. to a determination to claim his 

Avorld ? 

equal right to a share of the new world. He 

Repeat his facetiouslv remarked, that " he would fain see the 
remark ? 

article in father Adam's wili, which bequeathed 

this vast inheritance to the Spaniards." He soon 

What did he after dispatched the expedition we have already 

mentioned, which sailed on the 20th of April, 1534, 

but proceeded no further than Gasp6. 

When did 2. In the following year, Cartier obtained a new 

Cartier ob- i f i • i i 

tain a new commission, and sailed with three vessels. It was 
■ion? on this second voyage, that he entered the great- 



JACQUES CARTIER. 21 

river of Canada, which he named the St. Law- Whence did 

' the great 

rence, because he began to explore it on the festival '"i^f'^ of 9«- 

' or nada derive 

of that martyr. He proceeded up the river as far ,jts name ? 

•' ^ ^ What name 

as to the isle of Orleans, which he named the isle did he give 

to the isle of 

of Bacchus, on account of its fertility, and the fine Orleans ? 
vines he found there. 

3. Soon after his arrival, he was visited by Who visited 
Donnacona, " the Lord of Canada," who lived at here ? 
Stadacona, which occupied that portion of Quebec 
that was lately desolated by fire. Donnacona came Relate the 
in twelve canoes, but commanding them to remain of his visit ? 
at a little distance, he approached the vessels, and 
commenced an oration. After conversing with the 
two interpreters, who told him of their visit to France, 
and the kindness with which they had been treated, 
he took the arm of C artier, kissed it, and placed it 
upon his neck. Cartier immediately went into his What wa» 
canoe, and presented to him and his attendants of CartieA 
bread and wine, and, after some time, Donnacona 
departed in the same state in which he came. 
Cartier then moored his vessels safely in the river St. did cartler^ 
Charles, which he named « Port de St. Croix" or ^^Jon/'" 
the Port of the Holy Cross. Here he received Give an ac- 
another visit from the chief, attended by five ^conia^-^ 
hundred warriors, who came to welcome the cond\^isU~? 
strangers. The two natives, who had accompanied what is said 
him to France, acted on all these occasions as inter- interpeters? 
preters, and opened a friendly communication with 
their countrymen. They told them that they were What is it 
Tiagnoany and Donagaia, words supposed to mean, ihdf^names 
" those who had been taken away from their own ™^*° 
land by the strangers, and had returned again." After whatissaid 
this, many canoes, laden with men and women, came Indians > 
to visit them, rejoicing and dancing round them, and 



%% CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 

bringing them presents of eels and other fish, with 
mullet, and great musk melons, 
wuither 4^ Having heard that there existed, far up the 

did Oartier * 7 r 

determine to river, a largG settlement called Hoclielaga, he deter- 
mined to advance in quest of it. Previous to his 
What did setting out, at the request of his two interpreters, he 
vious to caused his men to shoot off twelve cannons, charged 

setting out? . 1 , ,, . , , 1 , « 1 

With bullets, into the wood near them. " At whose 
VvMiat effect noisc" says Hakluj't, an old historian, " they were 
'duceT*'" greatly astonished and amazed, for they thought 
that heaven had fallen upon them, and put them- 
selves to flight liovvlin.cf, crying and shrieking." 
What h?p- Leaving his vessels, he proceeded in two boats and 
Lake St. the pinnace, asfar as Lake St. Peter, where, on ac- 

Peter ' 

count of the shallowness of the water, he was obliged 
to leave the pinnace and proceed in the boats. Here 

With whom t^^sy ^^^ ^'^'^th five huntcrs, who, says Cartiec, 

meet ?^ " freely and familiarly came to our boats without any 

fear, as if we had even been brought up together." 

Who paid Everywhere he seems to have been received with, 
^vlsir?* kindness, for the chief of the district of Hochelai,, 
nov/ the Richelieu, paid him a visit, and presented 
him with one of his own children, about seven years 
of age, whom he afterwards visited, while Cartier 
was wintering at St. Croix, 

What place 5, Delighted with his iourney, Cartier proceeded, 

did he reach, ^ __ , *• Y , ^ ' 

and iiy and soou Came to Hochelaga, which he found to be 

whom was n > r- ^ -^ 1 1 1 

jwmet? a fortified town, on a beautiful island, under the 
shade of a mountain. On his landing, he was met 
by more than a thousand of the natives, who received 
hinn with every demonstration ofjoy and hospitality. 
Did he ad- He was delighted with the view from the mountain, 
moumain ? which he named Mount Royal — time has changed 
it to Montreal. He seems to have considered the 



Ji-CQUES CARTIER. S8 

village below, as a favourable site for a French ^Yink^of the^ 

settlement, but he did not live to see his idea village? 
realized. 

6. The wav to the village of Hochelasa, at that Give an ac 

^ ^ ° ^ count of 

time, passed through large fields of Indian corn. Hocheiaga> 

Its outline was circular, and it was encompassed by —of its dc- 

lfHC63 ? 

three separate rows of palisades, well secured, and 

put together ; only a single entrance was left in this 

rude fortification, but this was guarded by pikes and 

stakes. The cabins, or lo<iges uf the inhabitants, lodges? 

about fifty in number, were constiucted in the form 

of a tunnel, each fifty feet in length, by {ifteeii in 

breadth. They were formed of wood, covered with 

bark. Above the doors of these houses, ran a gal'ery Where wa* 

— each house contained several chambers, and ihe and how * 

I , , , was the 

whole was so arranged, ns to enclose an open cou'^t- whole ar. 
yard, where the fire was made. 

7. The inhabitants were of the Huron tnbe, T^ ^hat 

' tribe did the 

and seem to have regarded Cartier as a being of mii^'jitants 

.^ f belong? 

a superior order, asthev brought to him all iheir ai'di'ow did 

. , , . , \ . , . , ihey regard 

Sick, decrepit and aged persons, with an evident Canier? 
expectation that he would heal them. Touched what do the 
by this display of confiding simphcity, he did all ne loriana re- 
could to soothe their minds. The French historians 
relate that he made the sign of the Cross upon the 
sick, distributed ^gTii Dei amongst them— recited, 
with a loud voice, the sufTerings and death of the 
Saviour — and prayed fervently with these poor idol- 
aters. I low they could understa nd these well meant what is said 
and pious proceedings, we are quite at a loss to p^roceeif. 
know, but we can easily believe that " the grand '"f/'t}?e"^ 
flourish of trumpets," which terminated the ceremo- ce?eml>l!5'^f 
ny, " delighted the natives beyond measure." On By whom 
his return to his boats, he was accompanied by a SImpanted 



24? 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



on his 

return, 

and what 

was their 

conduct ? 



What is said 
of the scen- 
ery of the 
SU Law- 
rence ? 
and of the 
companions 
of Cartier? 



What story 
is related Of 
an Indian 
■woman? 



By whom 
was he 
«aved ? 



How did he 
proceed ? 



What was 
liis success ? 



What of his 
compan- 
ions ? 



What or- 
ders did 
Cartier 
give ? 

What had 

detained 

them? 



great number of the inhabitants, to the landing 
place below St. Mary's current. They even carried 
on their slioulders some of his men, who were 
fatigued. They appeared to be grieved at the short- 
ness of their stay, and followed their course along the 
banks of the river, with signs of kindly farev^ell. 

8. The scenery on both sides of the St. Lawrence 
seem to have delighted Cartier and his companions, 
who were several of them gentlemen volunteers, 
more fit to sketch a beautiful scene, than to endure 
the hardships of settling a new country. It is said, 
that an Indian woman, named Unacona, wife of one 
of the natives who had been taken to France, 
excited her tribe to follow the boats along the shore 
on their return, and on the landing of the party for the 
night, they were cruelly attacked, and Cartier was 
nearly murdered. He was saved by the intrepidity 
of his boatswain, an Englishman, who, finding that 
the Indians were becoming intoxicated with the 
wine, procured from the boats, became alarmed for 
Cartier's safety. He stole quietly round behind 
where Cartier lay, and carrying him ofi" to one of tlie 
boats, launched out into the St. Lawrence. The 
gallant fellow pulled stoutly through the stream, and 
just at the dawn of morning, had the satisfaction to 
find himself close upon the place where the ships 
lay. When the Indians made their attack, the 
parly attending Cartier escaped by running to one 
of the boats, and on getting on board, he was much 
surprised to find that they had not returned. He 
immediately gave orders for a party to go in search 
of them, which fell in vsnth them about four miles 
up the river. It appeared that, fearful of being 
capsized by floating trees and rapids, they had 



JACaUES CARTIER. 



25 



Was he 
again visit- 
ed by Dor> 

nacona : 



How were 
they cured ? 



dropped the kedge at a secure distance from the 
shore, and remained quietly till the day broke. 

9. On his return to St. Croix, Cartier was again 
visited by Donnacona, and returned his visit. He 
found the people docile and tractable, and their 
houses well stored with every thing necessary for 
the approaching season. Cartier and his company, ^^^^ ^^^ 
tinaccustomed to a Canadian winter, and scantily ^'^'}^^l ^^' 
supplied with proper clothing, suffered so much F^rench? 
that twenty-five of their number died from scurvy. 
Being advised to use a decoction of the spruce fir, 
which yields the well known Canada balsam, and 
is a powerful remedy for that disease^ the rest of the 
party soon recovered their health, and, in the en- 
suing spring, returned to France. They obliged the or what 
Lord of Canada, with two of his chiefs and eight of acrinn weie 
the natives, to accompany them, an act of treachery, ^ ^^ ""' ^^ " 
which justly destroyed the confidence which the 
l^ndians had hitherto reposed in their guests. 

10. Before proceeding further, it will be proper to What win it 
notice some particulars relative to the aboriginal notice here? 
inhabitants of this continent. The name of Indian, whence h 
^hich has ever been applied to them, seems to have 
been derived from the circumstance of the countries> 
discovered by Columbus, being called thie West 
Indies. 

11. The announcement to the civilized world, of 
the existence of nations roaming through an unbro- 
ken and continuous forestj having scarcely any \l^^^^^ 
animals tamed for service or for food, and support- J^^^^ ",^' 
ing themselves solely by the chase, was received 

with astonishrtient. They were at first supposed to be . 

■' * ^ in what 

megre, shivering wretches, whose constant exertions ^***® "^"^ 

. they first 

must be employed m attemptmg to evade the famine supposed to 

be? 

c 



the term 

In dian 

derived ? 



How was 
the an- 
nouncement 
Jiis peo- 
received 
in the civi- 



26 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HI3T0Rtrf 



What wfta 

their real 

etate'i 



What have 

the French 

and English 

now 

learned ? 



What are 

the Indians 

supposed by 

some to be T 



WJiyT 



What is said 

of the Mon- 

gul race t 



Mention the 
points of re- 
semblance 
between the 
Indian and 
Mongul 
races ? 



— of their 
stature 1 



To what is 
this owing t 



with which they were perpetually threatened. How 
surprised then were the Europeans to find among 
them warriors, statesmen, and orators — a proud and 
dignified race, terrible in war, mild in peace, main- 
taining order without the restraint of law, and 
united by the closest ties. 

12. Such was the character presented by those 
nations, on the rivers and lakes of Canada ; and the 
French and English, who have for three centuries 
been engaged with them either in deadly war, or close 
alliance^ have learned to appreciate all that is bright^ 
as well as all that is dark in the native Indian. 

13* It has been thought by some, that the Indiana 
are the ten lost tribes of Israel, but there seems 
scarcely a shadow of likelihood in this surmise. 
The Indian differs so very much from the Israelite, 
and evidently forms a variety of the human race, 
differing, but not widely, from the Mongolian. A» 
the new world was doubtless peopled from the 
old, and as the Mongul race was situated nearest to 
the point where Asia and America come almost 
into contact, the variations which exist between 
these races may be ascribed merely to a change of 
outward circumstances. The forehead of the Indian 
is broad and flat, with cheek bones more round 
and arched, however, than the Mongolian, without 
having the visage expanded to the same breadth. 
The eyes are deep, small and black, the nose rather 
small but prominent, with wide nostrils, and the 
mouth large, with thick lips. The stature is generally 
above the middle size in men, and below it in 
women. This is, doubtless, owing to the latter be- 
ing compelled to undergo the most oppressive 
drudgery ; the ill usage of the squaws forming in- 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 27 

deed the worst part of the character of the red men 
of the woods. 



ir. Expedition under Roberval. — 1. The ,,,^^'''° , ., 

When Old 

French nation paid no more attention to the new ^^ French 

'■ resume their 

world until 1 540, when Cartier was employed under expiora- 

. tions ? 

the Sieur de Roberval, who was appointed viceroy 
by Francis, to establish a permanent settlement in 
Canada. This young nobleman not being able to Who took 

1 • 1 . 1 . y-i • 1 charge of 

accompany nim at the appomted time, Cartier took the 
charge of the expedition, and sailed from Rochelle 
with five vessels. 

2. On his return to St. Croix, Cartier was kindly what was 
welcomed by the Indians, yet he soon found that of the'in- 
they were averse to any further intercourse with the returVtoSt! 
French, and to their settlement in the country, croixt 
This probably arose from their learning that Donna- Whence did 
cona was dead, and that the other natives would not *^,y ^riseV 
return — they might also fear lest they should in like 
manner be torn from their native land. 

3. We have every reason to believe, that Don- How had 

•^ ' Donnacona 

nacona and his friends were most honorably treated ^ .and his 

'' friends been 

in France — they were baptized, introduced at court, seated in 
and produced an extraordinary sensation there. 
Donnacona had frequent interviews with Francis, 

1 1 1 11 • 1 • . , Whatissaid 

and seems to nave done all in his power to induce of Donna- 
him to send out another expedition to Canada. The 
natives, however, pined away in the new state of natives t 
society in which they found themselves, and of all 
that Cartier brought away, only one little girl 
survived. 

4-. The project of colonizing Canada met very How was 
little encouragement from the people of France ofcoioniz- 
generally, as they thought hghtly of a country which regaided in 

France t 



28 EARLY SETTLEMENTS ABID COLONIAL HISTORY. 

^o^iidsV^ yielded neither gold nor silver — a sad mistake, as 
may be seen at the present day, by a glance at the 
degraded condition of the gold ajid silver regions 
of Peru and Mexico, and contrasting them with the 
position hel4 by Canada and the United States. 

Where did . 5, Finding himself uncomfortable at Stadacona, 

Oarlier Iny ° 

up his ves- Caitier removed farther up the St. Lawrence — 

sels,— and , 

what fort laid up three of his ships at Cap Rouare, and sent 

didheerectl . / , , „ ^ . ,*^ , \ ,. 

the other two baek to France^ with letters to the kmg. 
There he erected a fort, which he called Charles- 
whom did bourgh. Leaving the Viscount de Beanpre in corn- 
command ? mand of it, he set o^ to visit the rapids above 
For what Hochelaga. On his way up, he left two boys with 
he leave two his friend, the chief of Hochelai, for the purpose of 
Richelieu? learning the language. Finding it impossible to 
^^lid^the' P^^^ ^^^ Eapids in his boats, he Feturned to Cap 
rapids? Rouge, where he passed a very uncomfortable 
winter. 
Why did he Q, As he had received no tidings of Roberval, 

resolve to --o 7 

return to who had.madc him large promises, he resolved to 

France 1 . 

return to France. On his passage, putting into 
Whom did ^ 11 

he meet ? Newfoundland, he met the Viceroy with his new 

Did he re- settlers, Stores, and provisions. No entreaties, 

Canada 1 however, could induce him to return to Canada, 

How did he thowgh he spoke highly of its fertility, and produced 

->p.a o 1 . g^^g g^jj ^j,^ found in the country, and some 

diamonds from the promontory of Quebec, which 

Why did he Still retains the name of Cape Piamond. It is 

with Rober- probable that the reason why Cartier and his com- 

^'*' ' panions were unwilling to return, was the fond 

regret ot home, so deeply felt by those who are 
What con- ^^nied the delight of civilized life. In order, there- 
'^"a'iio'^ n^* fore, to prevent any disagreement \vith Roberval, he 

weighed anchor in the night, and proceeded on hi§ 

homeward route. 



Canada under the prench. 29 

7. C artier made no subsequent voyage ; he died ^f c^artiS'i^ 
soon after his return home, having sacrificed health 

and fortune in the course of discovery. This indeed _ ^^ ^^^ 

is too often the case in such enterprises ; the leaders leaders in 

^ ' such enter- 
either fail, or perish before the multitude reap the pyses gen- 
benefit of their exertions. Many persons, beside 

•' ^ —of many 

Cartier, both in France and England, were ruined persona be- 
by the speculations consequent on the discovery of 
the new world, and many valuable lives were lost. 

8. Roberval proceeded to the station which what were- 

^ the proceed 

Cartier had occupied, where he endeavoured to secure ings of ro- 

^ ' -e • berval 1 

himself and his settlers by erecting fortifications. 
Having passed the winter here, he left thirty men 

in the fort, and returned to France. For six years, 1543 

, , . .^11. J How was he 

he took no more interest in Canada, being engaged afterwards 

in the service of his patron, the Emperor Charles V, ^'''iMg 

9. After the death of Charles, Roberval again Robervki 
embarked for Canada,with his gallant brother Achille? bafk'fpr cL 

1 . • f , ' • nada. and 

and a numerous train of enterprising young men. whoaqcom- 

Having never afterwards been heard of, they are pa"»edhimt 

supposed to have perished at sea. The loss of these what was 

^^ ^ their fate 1 

two valiant young noblemen, seems to have excited 

universal sympathy — Roberval himself being highly Jftheiol^o*}- 

respected, and Achille having so great a reputation noblemen"? 

as a soldier, that the warlike Francis always regarded How were 

' ^ o t),gy regard- 

him as one of the chief ornaments of his army. ed? 

^' With these two," says Charlevoix, an old historian, suppose^^to 

^< fell every hope of an establishment in America." seque^nce of 

their loss ? 

HI. English Discoveries. — 1. In 1576, Mar- wha*/new 

tin Frobisher was sent out bv Queen Elizabeth with e^tpeditron 

J ^' was sent out 

three ships, on a voyage of discovery, when ^'^J™^"^" 

Elizabeth's Foreland, and the Straits of Frobisher ^.""^ ^uat 

' diiHCovery 

were discovered. Mistaking mundic mica, or talc, wasmad*? 

C 3 



30 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AJSD COLONIAL HISTORY, 

Se^did'he ^^^ ^^^^ ^^®' Frobisher took large quantities of it to 
make? England. The following year he was despatched to 
What were Seek for gold, and to explore the coast with a view 
oVhi^second of discovering a north-west passage to India. He 
voyage . returned to England without any other success than 
h]a success? ^^o hundred tons of the supposed gold ore, and an 

Indian man, woman and child. 
Give'anac 2. In 1578, Martin again sailed for the Ameri- 
*^°"thi?d ^^^^ ^^" continent with fifteen ships, in search of gold, 
voyage ? ^q jj^g j-^jj^ ^f p^^ij^j adventurers, who received no- 
thing but mica instead of their expected treasure. 

>.'>9s lY^ French Voyages under De la Roche^ 

How long Pontgrave', AND Chauvin. — 1. For nearly fifty 

had France ' •' "^ 

neglected years, the government of France paid no attention to 

Canada? +, 

*heir Canadian settlements. Peace, however, being 

restored to that country under the sway of Henry 

Who under- IV., the Marquis De la Eoche, a nobleman of 

took the _ . ' , ^ , . , . ^ , 

next expe- Brittany, undertook to equip an expedition for the 

purpose of forming another settlement of a more 

permanent character, on the shores of the new world. 

What fatal He brought out a considerable number of settlers, but 

commit / was obHged to draw them chiefly from the prisons 

of Paris. Little is known of his voyage, but that he 

he fand ?*^ landed and left forty men on Sable Island, a small 

barren spot near the coast of Nova Scotia, — he then 

returned to France, and died. 

What be- 2. After his death, the poor colonists were neg- 

^*oTonists r lected, and when, seven years afterwards, a vessel 

was sent to enquire for them, only twelve were found 

living. The emaciated exiles were carried back to 

France, where they were kindly received by the 

"k^ng'^trea? king, who pardoned their crimes, and made them a 

"^^""^ liberal donation. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 31 

3. It was to private enterprise rather than to for what 

^ ^ was France 

royal decrees, that the French nation was at last ,^^^astin- 

'' debted for a 

indebted for a permanent settlement in Canada, permanent 

_ * settlement 

Ine merchants of Dieppe, St. Malo, Eouen, and in Canada? 

Rochelle had opened communications, and had ^^^J^^t J ^^**^ 

even established posts for the prosecution of the ^^^^^3? 

fur trade, which was chiefly carried on at Tadousac. w^at f^.^ 

In 1599, Chauvin of Rouen and Pontgrav6 of St. nSens 

Malo, two eminent mariners, undertook to settle ^^S.^a'^i?' 

five hundred persons in Canada. In return for this ''^^^ '^ 

service, the king granted them a monopoly of the fur did\hey"^ 

trade on the St. Lawrence. °^'''" • 

4. Chauvin made two successful voyages to what is said 
Tadousac, where the Indians gave the most valua- inJia^nsi 
ble furs in exchange for the merest trifles. The 

settlers, however, suffered such hardships from want ^tt^iers*^ 
of provisions, that many of them perished before the 
arrival of the vessels from France, In the course 

— of Chau- 

of his third voyage, Chauvin was taken ill and died ; vi° -' 

the settlements, however, were permanently estab- _ 

lished on the shores of the St, Lawrence. settiementsi 



V. English Discoveries under Bartholo- 
mew GosNOLD. — 1. The next adventurer who cee°ded^* 
visited the new world, was Bartholomew Gosnold, ^^'*"^"° ' 
who sailed from Falmouth in England. Abandoning -yvhat route 
the circuitous route by the Canaries and the West ^"^^etakei 
Indies, which had hitherto been used, he made a ^jj^^ ^^^^ 
direct voyage across the Atlantic, and in seven tineJfjJid'iie 
weeks, reached the continent, probably nearly the ^^^^^ * 
northern extremity of Massachusetts' Bay. Not 
finding a good harbour, and sailing southward, „,^ . 

o G 1 & 3 Whatissaid 

he discovered and landed upon a promontory, which ^^r^V^ 
he named Cape Cod, from the quantity of that fish 



o2 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

1608 found around it. Sailing thence, and pursuing his 

• ,^]"*^j course along the coast, he discovered several islands, 

islands did ° ' 

he discover? one ofwhich he named Elizabeth's island, and an- 
other Martha's Vineyard. 

What WH3 3, Here he erected a stone-house, intending to leave 

bis inten- r ^ r r • 

iion% part of the crew for the purpose of forming a settle- 

Ibando'n iu mont, but the Indians beginning to show hostile inten- 
tions, the whole party embarked for England, and 

In what ' , ^ . ^ , . . /. 

time was reached that country m five weeks, having performed 

this voyage . ^. . -. . 

performed ? the entire voyage m lour months. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 33 



CHAPTER II. 



/. Voyages of De Chaste and Champlain, 1603. — //. De What are 
Monts, 1605.— 7/7. Return of Champlain to Canada, in giJ^g of Jhis 
1608. Chapter? 



1. Voyages of De Chaste and Champlain. jeos 
— 1. De Chaste, who may be considered merely as eY-^'Sro'ed'ii 
the associate of Champlain, was the next person we ^^JJ^f^^" V"'* 
find engaged in these enterprizes. He organized a what did he 
company at Bouen to carry on the fur trade, and and'"who di<i 
made an important acquisition in engaging in his ^ ^""^s'^ - 
operations, Samuel Champlain, a distinguished 

naval officer, who was the destined founder of the 
principal French settlements in Canada. 

2. Pontgrave, who was himself an eminent upon what 
mariner, received orders to accompany Champlain Jf^f p'^^J,'!" 
up the St. Lawrence, for the purpose ol examining ^Jonipany 
the country in its upper borders. They set out on f^hampiain? 
this survey, in a light boat, with a crew of only five p. j ^^^ 
persons, and ascended the river as far as the Sault Hctompiish 

^ ' their object? 

St. Louis, but found it impossible to pass the rapids, 
and were obliged to give up the attempt. With "^'^''i.^t place 
gome difficulty, they visited Mont Royal, where they visit ? 
made the best observations they could. It is 



remarkable that the Indian settlement at Hochelaga ofthesettic- 
had, by this time, dwindled down so much, that Hochelaga? 
Champlain does not even notice it. Probably this 
was owing to the emigration of the Huron tribe. 

3. Soon after Champlain returned to France, whatissaid 
where he found De Chaste dead, and the whole toFra'nceT 



34> EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

What did he "^^^^rtaking deranged. He proceeded, however, to 
Fjesent to Paris, and laid before the king a chart and descrip- 
tion of the region he had surveyed, with which his 
majesty appeared to be highly pleased. 

II. The Sieur De Monts, 1604.— 1. The 

was Cham- cntei'prise was soon taken up by the Sieur de Monts, 

^ceededi' a gentleman of opulence and distinction, v^ho was a 

special favourite of Henry IV. of France. He 

hatjs sai ^^^ ^ Calvlnist, and was allowed the free exercise of 

De Monts 1 j^j^ religion for himself and friends, but on condition 

that he should establish the Cathohc rehgion 

What did he amongstthc natives. He obtained higher privileges 

obtain? ^^^^ j^gj j^gpp granted to any of his predecessors, 

and, amongst them, the entire monopoly of the fur 

trade. 

WhaUssaid ^' Having prepared an expedition on amoreex- 

of his expe- (ensive scale than any former one, he put to sea. 

Feeling averse, however, to enter the St. Lawrence, 

he landed in Nova Scotia, and spent some months 

' in trafficking with the natives, and examining the 

coast. Selecting an island near the mouth of the 

Where did rivor St. John, on the coast of New Brunswick, he 

fort 1 there erected a fort, and passed a rigorous winter, 

his men suffering much from the want of suitable 

To what provisions. In the following spring, he removed 

^ *Mont8 to a place on the Bay of Fundy, and formed a 

settlement, which was named Port Eoyal. The 



remove f 
What name 



was given wholo country, embracing New Brunswick and 



to the whole 
country 



Nova Scotia, received the name of Acadia. 



,605 3. De Monts returned to France in 1605, and 

ly vffLB in consequence of the complaints made against 

is com- him by the persons concerned in the fisheries, was 

deprived of the commission which had be?n giyeiv 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 35 

lo him for ten years. In 1607, it was renewed for ^J^^^ 

•' ' When was 

one year, when it appears that the representations it renewed i 
of Champlain induced him to turn his attention from What is said 

. r -1 ofGliam- 

the iron-bound coast of Nova Scotia, to the fertile plain? 
banks of the St. Lawrence, and two vessels were 
dispatched for the express purpose of mailing a 
settlement. 

III. Return of Champlain to Canada, icus 

1 /> I -J Who com- 

1608. — 1. Ihe command of the vessels mentioned manded this 

was given to Champlain, who sailed in the month 
of April, and arrived at Tadousac in June. Pont- what is said 
grave, who had accompanied him^ remained at pontgrave? 
Tadousac, which had been hitherto tlie chief seat 
for the traffic in furs, but Champlain proceeded up "~ plain ^"^ 
the river as far as to the isle of Orleans. He ex- 
amined the shores carefully, and soon fixed on a ■y^rJ,^^ ^^^^^ 
promontory, richly clothed with vines, and called by '^upon^* 
the natives Quebio or Quebec, near the place 
where Cartier passed the winter and erected a fort 
in 15il. Here on the 3rd of July, 1608, he laid Champiain 
the foundation of the present city of Quebec. His Quebec? 
judgment has never been called in question, or his What is said 
taste disputed in this selection. He first erected choice? 
buildings on the high grounds, and afterwards a oive an ac^ 

, , ,,11 , • 1 count ol" his 

space was elevated or embanked above tneinunda- proeeed- 



inffs r 



tion of the tide, on which store houses and a battery 
were built, on the scite of the present Mountain 
street. The only settlement at this period esta- 
blished in the new world, besides, was one by the of the first 
English, at Jamestown in Virginia, which was tiemlnul' 
founded in 1607. 

2. As soon as the weather permitted, Champlain For what 
resumed his voyage up the river, for the purpose ^chSmpi 



purpose did 
aiR 



36 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HIST0R7, 

^HvV>^ of exploring the country of which he had taken 
with whom P^ss^-^sion. On his way, he met with a band of 
^inli^wimf ^"^^^"^^ belonging to the Algonquin nation, who 

did they solicited, and obtained his aid against the powerful 

Iroquois, or Five Nations, with whom they were 

In what art at war. One of his first aims was to teach his new 

did he in>- 

siruct the alHes the use of fire arms, which the Iroquois had 
and wiiat acquired from the English, who were now colonised 
conse- on the Atlantic shore. In this thoughtless manner, 
quence . j^gg^n the ruinous wars which so long agitated these 
Whither countrics. He accompanied the Indians up the 
company" ^'^^er now Called the Richelieu^ which rises in the 
e Indians? ^ounlry then belonging to the Iroquois, and was 
greatly delighted by its picturesque scenery. 

3 They had reached its southern extremity, and 

entered the extensive and beautiful lake, now called 

after this celebrated man, and then passed into 

Where did another Connected with it, now called Lake George, 

irfi^a xnee?? ^cforc the hoslilc tribcs came insight of each other. 

Who gained '^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^® French gained the victory, and 

the victory? Champlain returned to Quebec. Here he received 

.„^ the unpleasant news, that De Monts' commission 

What news '^ ' 

did he had been finally revoked. This took place chiefly 

receive ? i 

through the influence of the merchants, who made 

How did ° 

this lako loud and just complaints of the injury sustained in 

place ?,^ ii-i' ^1 ... 

the fur trade, by its being confined to a single m- 

What did dividual. This induced Champlain to return home 

him to do ? again. He was well received by Henry, who 

How was invitei him to an interview at Fontainbleau, and 

bytEing? received from him an exact account of all that had 

been done for New France. 

1610 4,, We find him, v^^ith a considerable reinforce- 

he again ment, and fresh supplies,landing at Quebec in 16 10, 

*bec?"emd^* having made an arrangement vsnth the merchants 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 



37 



of the different French posts, to use the buildings 
he had erected at Quebec, as a dep6t for their goods 
and furs. Here he received another application 
from the Indians for assistance, which he promised. 
Happily, however, nothing of importance took place. 
In a few months after, he set sail again to France, 
taking with him, at the request of his allies, a 
native youth. 

5. In 1611, Ghamplain again returned to Canada, 
accompanied by his young savage. Not finding 
the Indians at Quebec, he employed himself in 
choosing a spot, higher up the river, for a new settle- 
ment. He fixed upon the ground in the vicinity of 
the eminence, which had been named Mount Royal 
by Cartier, and his choice has been amply justified 
by the importance to which this place has since 
arisen. 

6. He soon after returned to France, where he 
was so fortunate as to gain the assistance of the 
Count de Soissons, who obtained the title of 
Lieutenant General of New France. He delegated 
to Champlain all the duties of that high office, and 
soon after died. A still more influential friend was, 
however, found in the Prince of Cond^, who suc- 
ceeded to all the privileges of the deceased, and 
made them over to Champlain, in a manner equally 
ample. 

7. His commission, including a monopoly of the 
fur trade, excited loud complaints, but he removed 
the chief objection to it, by allowing as many of the 
merchants as vs^ould accompany him, to embark in 
the traffic. There came accordingly three from 
Normandy, one from Rochelle, and one from St. Malo. 
These were allowed free trade, burdened only with the 

D 



What ar- 
rangement 
had he 
made ? 



Who did he 

lake with 

him to 

France 1 

1611 
When did 
he return? 



How did he 

employ 

himaelf 1 

What place 

did he fix 

upon, and 

what is aaid 

of his 

choice ! 



Whose as- 
sistance did 
he gain after 
his return to 
France % 

What is said 

of D« 
Soissons t 

— of the 
Prince of 
Conddl 



)613 
Whatissaid 
of his com- 
mission ? 



Who ac- 
companied 
him to 
Canada ? 

What did 



38 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY* 



they contri- 
bute to- 
wards the 
projects of 
Champlain, 
and the ex- 
pencea of 
the settle- 
ment t 

What was 
one of the 
great ob- 
jects of en- 
terprise t 



Give an in- 
stance of 
this? 



In what 
state were 

affairs 
in France ? 



Who accom- 
panied this 
expedition ? 

What is said 
of these 
priests? 

161.5, 

To what 
place 
did Cham- 
plain pro- 
ceed 1 

What is said 

ofthe Al- 

gonquins ? 



Whither did 
he accom- 
pany them ? 



condition of contributing six men each, to assist 
Champlain in his projects of discovery, and a 
twentieth part of their profits towards the expences 
of the settlement. This expedition arrived at 
Quebec in May, 1613. 

8. It must be borne in mind, that one ofthe great 
objects of adventure in that age, was the finding of 
a north west passage to China or India, and it was 
probably for the purpose of prosecuting this dis- 
covery, that the six men were demanded. So fully 
convinced was Champlain, at the time he made his 
settlement at Hochelaga, that China was to be 
reached in this manner, that he named the river 
above the rapids,Lachine, meaning to point out that 
it was the way to China, a name it retains to thi» 
day. 

9. On his return to France in 1614", Champlains 
found affairs still favourable to the new colony. 
The Prince of Conde, being powerful at court, no 
difficulty was found in organizing an expedition 
from Rouen and St. Malo. This was accompanied 
by four fathers of the Recollet order, whose benevo 
lence led them to attempt the conversion of the 
Indians. These were the first priests that settled in 
Canada, 

10. Champlain, with his new company, arrived 
at Tadousac in May, 1615, whence he immediately 
went up to Quebec, and thence to the usual place 
of rendezvous near the Sault St. Louis. Here he 
found his old allies, the Algonquins, full of projects of 
war against the Iroquois, who Hved in that part of 
the country, now called the State of New York. 
He accompanied them on a very long and interest- 
ing voyage up the Ottawa, the river of the Algon- 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 39 

quins, and then, by carrying the canoes overland, 
proceeded with them to Lake Nepissing, Lake 
Huron, and the Georgian Bay. A Frenchman, What report 

° •' was spread 

who had sDent a winter amongst the Indians, spread _ by a 

f . . 1 Frenchman? 

a report that the river of the AJgonqunis issued 

from a lake, which was connected with the North 

Sea. He said that he had visited its shores, and Repeat his 

witnessed the wreck of an English vessel, and that ^ °^^ ' 

the crew, eighty in number, had all been killed 

except one boy. As everything connected with the why did 

idea of a sea beyond Canada, inspired the greatest ^'"nduce^^ 

hopes of finding the North West passage, and ^t'!)^^Jend 

Champlain anxiously desired to accomplish this en- ^^^ Ottawa? 

terprise, he was induced by this account to ascend 

the Ottawa* After much trouble and research, he Yf^^^ ^,^% 

' the result 1 

found the whde to be a fabrication. It is supposed 

that the man made this statement, in the hope of ^"^^y did 

' ^ the man fa- 

deriving eclat from his. discovery, and of raising tricate tws 
himself into a conspicuous situation. 

n. The account of this iourney to the great and whatissaid 
unknown lakes of the West, is extremely interesting, journey t 
On the arrival of the party at Lake Nepissing, they By whom 

W6rc they 

were kindly received by the tribe of that name, kindly 

received ? 

seven or eight thousand in number. After remain- „,^ 

° What great 

ing there two days, they set out, and made their . ^^ke did 

^ 11, ^^'^y reach t 

way, by land and water,to the great Lake f Attigou- 
antan, evidently the northern part of Lake Huron, 
which is almost separated into a distinct body of 
water by the chain of islands, now called the Mani- 
toulin. After coasting along for a considerable Where did 
distance, they turned the point which forms its ex- go? 
tremity, and struck into the interior. This country 
they found to be much superior to that they had of country 
passed, being well cultivated, and abounding in cndv^ 



40 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

Indian corn and fruits. At the appointed rendez- 
vous of their friends, which was probably some- 
^'^^'^did^' ^vhere about Green Bay, they found a joyful wel- 
they meet ? come, and several days were spent in dancing and 
festivity. 

12. On their return, after quitting Lake Huron, 
What is said they Came to a smaller expanse of water, finely 

oftheGeor- '' ^ y J 

gian Bay ? diversified by islands, which appears to have been 
of the fort? the Georgian Lake or Bay, and on its banks they 
discerned a fort belonging to the Iroquois, which 
was the object the Indians had come to attack. 
What was After a very unfortunate skirmish, they resolved to 
^ ^^^" abandon the enterprise altogether, and return home. 
How long This, however, could not easily be accomplished, 
plain to^rel ^"^ Champlain had to remain in the country the 
the^indTans? whole winter, having no other employment or 
amusement than that of accompanying the Indians 
When did in their hunting and fishing excursions. Indeed it 
^Lou?s ? *' was not until the month of June, that he found him- 
when did '^elf again at the Sault St. Louis. Having remain- 
^rancV?*^ ed here but a short time, he repaired to Tadousac, 
J616 whence he sailed for Honfleur, in September, 1616. 
What must 13. While we cannot sufficiently admire the 
the conduct activity and energy displayed by Champlain in his 
plain ? ~ researches in Canada, we must own that he com- 
mitted a fatal error in joining the Hurons and Al- 
gonquins, in their wars against the Iroquois, and in 
teaching them the use of fire arms. This art was 
the'^resuit ? afterwards turned to the most terrible account, for 
more than a century, against the European settle- 
ments. 
What three 14. On the first settlement of the French in 

great Indian ^ -, ■, . t -i i i 

nations Canada, three great nations divided the territory, 

were found i * , • i tt -i i t 

in Canada? — the Algonquins, the Hurons, and the Iroquois, 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH, 



41 



or Five Nations. The dominion of the Algonquins 
extended along the banks of the St. Lawrence, about 
a hundred leagues, and they were once considered 
as masters of this part of America. They are said 
10 have had a milder aspect, and more polished 
manners than any other tribe. They subsisted entire- 
ly by hunting, and looked with disdain on their 
neighbours who condescended to cultivate the 
ground. A small remnant of this race is still to be 
found at the Lake of the Two Mountains, and in 
the neighbourhood of Three Rivers. 

1 5. The Hurons, or Wyandots, were a numerous 
people, whose very extensive territory reached from 
the Algonquin frontier to the borders of the great 
lake bearing their name. They were more industri- 
ous, and derived an abundant subsistence from the 
fine country they possessed, but they were more 
effeminate, and had less of the proud independence of 
savage life. When first known, they were engaged 
in a deadly war with their kindred, the Five Na- 
tions, by whom they were finally driven from their 
country. A remnant of this tribe is still to be found 
in La Jeune Lorette, near Quebec. 

16. The Iroquois, or Five Nations, destined to 
act the most conspicuous part among all the native 
tribes, occupied a long range of territory on the 
southern border of the St. Lawrence, extending 
from Lake Champlain to the western extremity of 
Lake Ontario. They were thus beyond the limits 
of what is now termed Canada, but were so con- 
nected with the interests of this country, that we 
must consider them as belonging to it. The Five 
Nations, found onthe southern shore of Lake Onta- 
rio, embraced the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, 

D2 



How far did 
the domin- 
ion of the 

Algonquins 
extend ? 



Describe 
them ? 



Where is a 

remnant of 

this tribe 

still to be 

found ? 



Where was 

the Huron 

territory 

situated ? 



What is said 

of the 

Hurons t 



In what 
were they 
engaged ? 



Where is 

the last 

remnant of 

this tribe to 

be found ? 

Whatissaid 

of the 
Iroquois? 



Why must 
we consider 
them as be- 
longing to 
Canada ? 



Name the 
Five Na- 
tions ? 



4j2 early SETTtEMENTS AND COLONIAL HiSTORT. 

^^fUem^/^ Senecas and Cayugas. They were the most 
powerful of all the tribes east of the Mississippiy 
andvvere farther advanced in the few arts of In- 

To whom <^i^" 1^^^ ^^^" their Algonquin neighbours. They 

adliere^ Uniformly adhered to the British, during the whole 
of the contest that took place subsequently between 

By whom the French and English. In 17 14, they were 
joTned? and joined by the TuscororaSj since which time the 

theynow Confederacy has been called the Six Nations. 

called? Remnants of the once powerful Iroquois are still 
they stiiTbe found in Canada East, at Sault St. Louis or Caugh- 
nawaga, the usual rendezvous of Champlain, at 
St. Regis, and at the Lake of the Two Mountains, 
whilst a considerable body of the same people, 
under the title of 'The Six Nations Indians,' are 
settled on the Grand River, in Canada West. 

How were 17. After the return of Champlain to France in 

of the CO- 1616, the interests of the colony were in great dan- 

^'gered ?'*" ger from the Prince of Cond6, Viceroy of Canada, 
being not only in disgrace, but in confinement, for 
the share taken by him in the disturbances during 
the minority of Louis XIII. After a great deal of 

chased the quarrelling amongst the merchants, the Due de 
v?c?roy Montmorency made an arrangement with Cond6,for 

Prince* of ^^^ purchase of his office of Viceroy, which he 

Cond6i obtained upon the payment of 11,000 crowns* 

Champlain considered this arrangement as every 

plain ap- -^ay favourable, as the Due was better qualified for 

prove of this •' -^ _ _^ 

arrange- such functions, and from his situation of High 

ment? ' ° 

and why ^ Admiral, possessed the best means of forwarding 

the objects of the colonists. 
What pre- 18. Disputes between Rochelle and the other 
departure of commercial cities, and between the Catholics and 
tion? " Protestants, prevented the departure of any ex- 



CANADA URDER THE FRENCH. 43 

pedition for several years. Durina; this time, at- "\yiia(issaid 

* } => ' of attempts 

tempts were made to degrade Champlain from the made to de- 

^ _ ^ ^ grade* ham- 

high situation in which he had been placed, but by plain i 

virtue of commissions both from Montmorency and when did 

the King, he succeeded in crushing this opposition ; ^canadaV^ 

and in May, 1620, set sail with his family and a ,5^0 

new expedition, and, after a very tedious voyage, 

arrived at Tadousac. The first child born of French 

parents at Quebec, was the son of Abraham Mar- ^J,'J'f,I^^fir"st^ 

tin and Margaret L'Anslois : it was christened ^^i'''' ^'f""? 

" Eustache," on the 24th of May, 1621 . pnrems, in 

' •' ' Quebec ? 

19. The office of Viceroy had been hitherto little 

more than a name, but, at this period, it came into whaiisj^aid 

' ' ^ ' of the omc« 

the hands of a man of energy and activity. The of viceroy? 
Due de Ventadour, having entered into holy orders, - of the 

' . /.>T T-i DucdeVen- 

took chaise as Viceroy of the affairs of JNew P ranee, ladour t 
solely with a view of converting the natives. For 
this purpose, he sent three Jesuits and two lay 
brothers, who were fortunately men of exemplary ^riestsl 
character, to join the four Eecollets at Quebec. 
These nine, we have reason to belie ve,were the only 
priests then in Canada. 

20. The mercantile company, which had now whafj^said 
been entrusted with the affairs of the colony for some ''pViI'y ?^BiTd' 
time, was by no means active, and was in conse- war^h^ 
quence deprived of its charter, which was given to tra'ifsfeJred ? 
the Sieurs De Caen, uncle and nephew. On the 

arrival of the younger De Caen at Tadousac, ^lain v^"u 
Champlsin set out to meet him, and was received ^^ ^^^° ' 
with the greatest courtesy. The appointment of a what is said 
guperintendant could not have been very agreeable p^'o'immem? 
to Champlain, who was certainly the person best 
fitted for the management of the local affairs of the 
colony. His amiable disposition and love of peace. What is said 



u 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



of the con- 
duct of 
Champlain? 

—of the con- 
duct of De 
Caej)? 



Did Cham- 
plain pos- 
sess power 
to check 

this 
violence, 

and 
what did 
De Caen re- 
solve to do? 

What effect 
had his con- 
duct on the 
colonists ? 

To what 

number 

^pere they 

reduced ? 



What was 
the next ef- 
fort made 
by Cham- 
plain ? 



Whither 
did he go 1 



What near- 
ly broke off 

the treaty 
of the 

Indians ? 



What crime 

did he 

commit? 



Did this 

break off the 

negocia- 

tion 1 



however, induced Him to use conciliatory measures. 
The new superintendant, on the contrar}'-, acted in 
the most violent manner, claimed the right of seizing 
on the vessels belonging to the associated mer- 
chants, and actually took that of De Pont, their 
favourite agent. Champlain remonstrated with 
him, but without effect, as he possessed no power 
which could effectually check the violence of this 
new dictator. Fortunately, he thought proper to 
return to France, and left with the settlers a good 
supply of provisions, arms, and ammunition. His 
conduct, however, induced the greater part of the 
European traders to leave the colony ; so that 
eventually, instead of its being increased by Ihim, 
it was considerably lessened, a spirit of discontent 
diffused, and the settlers were reduced to forty-eight, 
21. Having got rid of this troublesome superin- 
tendant, Champlain set himselfearnestly to terminate 
the long and desolating war, which now raged be- 
tween the Hurons and the Iroquois. He accompani- 
ed soiDe of the chiefs to the head quarters of the 
Iroquois, where they met with a very kind reception. 
The treaty between the nations was about to be 
concluded, when it was nearly broken off by 
the relentless conduct of a savage Huron, who had 
accompanied the party, in the hope of making 
mischief and preventing peace. This barbarian, 
meeting one of the detested Iroquois in a lonely 
place, murdered him. Such a deed in a member 
of any civilized mission, would have terminated 
all negociations;butthe deputies having satisfied the 
Iroquois, that it was an individual act, lamented by 
the Huron nation, it was overlooked, and the treaty 
was concluded. 



CANADA UNDER THR FRENCH. 45 

22. The colony was at this time in a very unsatis- i" "^''^^ 

•^ •' state was 

factory state, the settlement at Quebec consisting the colony 

•^ ' ^ ° atthisume? 

only of fifty-five persons. Indeed the whole of the Give an ac- 

. count of the 

available possessions in New France, included only possessions 
the fort at Quebec, surrounded by some inconsider- France? 
able houses — a few huts on the island of Montreal, 
— as many at Tadousac, and at other places on the 
St. Lawrence — and a settlement just commenced 
at Three Rivers. 

23. The Indian affairs were also in disorder. The in ^hat 

sta.t6 "vv6r€ 

Iroquois had killed a party of five, on their way to Indian 
attack a nation called the Wolves, and a hostile -„^ , , 

' What had 

spirit was kindled amongst these fierce tribes, the Iroquois 

^ ^ done? 

Champlain did all in his power to check this spirit, ^vij^j ^i^j 

but he found it impossible to prevent a body of hot finJ^u Im- 

headed young Indians, from making an inroad into possibi^e^to 
the Iroquois territory. 

24. This band having reached Lake Champlain, '^hat pri- 

° '■ soners did 

surprised a canoe with three persons in it, two of they take? 

whom they brought home in triumph. The pre- 

/ . , 11. Give an se- 

parations for tortunng them were ahready gomg on, count of 

when intelligence was conveyed to Champlain, who plain's 

1. , • 1 1 rr>i . 1 /> 1 conduct on 

immediately repaired to the spot. The sight of the ihisocca- 
captives quickened his ardour in the cause of 

. , What did he 

humanity, and he entreated that they might be sent entreat': 
home unhurt, with presents to compensate for this 
wanton attack. 

25. This advice was so far adopted, that one of wasihis 
them was sent back, accompanied by a chief, and adopted ? 
oneMangan, a Frenchman. This expedition had, What issue 

, • 1 1 A A 1 • ^^^ this 

nowever, a most tragical end. An Algonquin, expedition? 
who wished for war, contrived to persuade the What did an 

' Algonquin 

Iroquois, that the mission was devised with the most contrive to 



treacherous intentions. The Iroquois, misled by this 



do 



46 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



What deter- 
mination 
did tlie Iro- 
quois take ? 



How was 
the party 
received ? 

To what 
tortures did 
they subject 
the Algon- 
quin ? 



\That did 

,.lhey do to 

their coun- 

ti yman ? 

and to the 
Frenchman' 



What was 

the effect 

produced ? 



How did 
Charaplaiu 

feel? 



What had 

happened 

in several 

cases ? 



Whatissaid 

of the De 

Caens ? 



- of Cardinal 
Richelieu ? 



wicked man, determined to take cool and deliberate 
revenge. When the poor prisoner, the chief and the 
Frenchman arrived, they found the fire kindled, 
and the cauldron boiling, and being courteously- 
received, were invited to sit down. The Iroquois 
then asked the Algonquin chief, if he did not feel 
hungry? — on his replying that he did, they rushed 
upon him, and cut slices from different parts of his 
body, which soon after they presented to him 
half cooked, and thus continued to torture him, till 
he died in lingering agonies. Their countryman, 
who had returned to them so gladly, attempted to 
escape, and was shot dead on the spot ; and the 
Frenchman was tormented to death in the usual 
manner. 

26. When the news of this dreadful tragedy 
reached the aUies of the French, the war cry was 
immediately sounded^ and Champlain, though deep- 
ly afflicted, saw no longer any possibiKty of averting 
hostilities. He felt thatj as one of his countrymen 
had been deprived of life, the power of the French 
would be held in contempt, if no resentment were 
shown. Indeed, he experienced no little trouble 
amongst the friendly tribes who surrounded him, 
and in several cases Europeans were murdered in an 
atrocious and mysterious manner. 

27. In the meantime, the De Caens, though not 
resident in the colony, took an active interest in the 
far trade. Being Huguenots, however, and not 
likely to forward the Due's measures, Cardinal 
Richelieu, prime minister to Louis XHL, revoked 
the privileges which had been granted to them, and 
encouraged the formation of a company, to be 
composed of a great number of men of property and 



Canada under the French. 47 

credit. A charter was granted to this company in -p^j'^^j^^^ 
1627, under the title of " The Company of One was a char- 

' r ./ ter granted? 

Hundred Associates." 

28. This company engasfed — first, to supply all What did 

^ •' => "=■ ' ^^ -^ they t'ligajie 

those that they settled, with lodging, food, clothing, to supply • 
and implements for three years — after which time with? 
they would allow them sufficient land to support 
themselves, cleared to a certain extent, with the 
grain necessary for sowing it ; secondly, that secondly ? 
the emigrants should be native Frenchmen and 
Roman Catholics, and that no stranger or heretic 
should be introduced into the country ; and thirdly. Thirdly ? 
they engaged to settle three priests in each settle- 
ment, whom they were bound to provide v^ith every 
article necessary for their personal comfort, as well 
as the expences of their ministerial labours for 
fifteen years. After which, cleared lands were to be what was 
granted by the company to the clergy, for main- ed^oUie ' 
taining the Roman Catholic Church in New France. ^'^^°^ ' 

29. In return for these services, the king made what did 
over to the company the fort and settlement at gWetotL 
Quebec— and all the territory of New France, in- *^°'"P""y ' 
eluding Florida — with power to appoint judges, what power 
build fortresses, cast cannon, confer titles, and take '^Verupou' 
what steps they might think proper for the protec- ^^'°™ ' 
lion of the colony, and the fostering of commerce. 

He granted to them, at the same time, a complete ,tru . 

=> ' ' i What mon- 

monopoly of the fur trade, reserving, to himself and «i>o!y didhe 

^ •' 7 D' grant? and 

heirs, only supremacy in matters of faith, fealty, What did he 
and homage as sovereign of New France, and the 
presentation of a crown of gold at every new 
accession to the throne. He also secured for the what did he 
benefit of all his subjects, the cod and whale fisheries, aiTil^s^/^b 
in the gulf and coasts of the St. Lawrence. j^<^'^ • 



48 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORT. 



"What were 

the com- 
pany allow- 
ed to do ? 

Who were 
invited to 
share the 
concern ? 

With what 
celebrated 
man was 

this a 
favourite 
scheme ? 



162? 

How was 

this plan 

interrupted? 

What was 

given to 

Sir David 

Kerkt 1 

Give an ac- 
count ofhia 
proceed- 
ings? 



1629 
When did 
Kerkt re- 
turn? 



Whatiu- 
ducedCham- 

plain to 
surrender ? 

What is said 

of the 

English 

etandard? 



30. The company were allowed to import and 
export all kinds of merchandizej duty free. Gen-* 
tiemen, both clergymen and laity, were invited to 
a share in the concern, which they readily accepted 
till the number of partners was completed. This 
was a favourite scheme of Richelieu's ; and the 
French writers of the day speak of it with great 
applause, as calculated, had it been strictly adhered 
to, and wisely regulated, to render New France 
the most powerful colony of America. 

31. This plan of improvement met with a 
temporary interruption, by the breaking out of a war 
between England and France in 1628. Charles I. 
of England immediately gave to Sir David Kerkt, 
a French refugee, a commission authorising him 
to conquer Canada. In consequence of this, after 
some offensive operations at Tadousac, he appeared 
with his squadron before Quebec, and summoned 
it to surrender ; but he was answered in so spirited 
a manner, that he judged it prudent to retire. 

32. In 1629, however, when Champlain was 
reduced to the utmost extremity by the want of every 
article of food, clothing, implements and ammunition, 
and exposed to the attacks of the Iroquois, Sir 
David Kerkt, and his brothers Louis and Thomas, 
appeared again with an English squadron before 
Quebec. The deplorable situation of the colony, 
and the very honourable terms proposed to him by 
Kerkt, induced Champlain to surrender Quebec with 
all Canada to the Crown of England. The EngHsh 
standard was thus, for the first time, raised on the 
walls of Quebec, just one hundred and thirty-five 
years before the battle of the plains of Abraham* 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 49 

16. No blame can be attached to Champlain for ^^ ^^''^^ 

•^ state "were 

this act, as famine pressed so closely on the tJ'e co. 
colonists, that they were reduced to an allowance 
of five ounces of bread per day for each person. 
Kerkt's generosity to the settlers, who were his own. what is said 

^ ^ ' oIKerkt? 

countrymen, induced most of them to remain. 
Those who wished to go, were allowed to depart How were 
with their arms, clothes, and baggage, and though who wished 
the request to convey them home to France could treated '? 
not be complied with, they were provided with a 
commodious passage by the way of England. 

17. Champlain, with two little native girls, champiaii 
whom he had carefully educated, arrived at Dover, England? 
in England, on the 27th October. He proceeded -^y^ ^.^ ^^^ 
thence to London, for the purpose of conferring with ^'^^'j^^ ^9^' 
the French ambassador. He soon afterwards 
returned to France, where his counsels prevailing at ^ 

the court of Louis XHL, he was, upon the return pointment 

, did he rt- 

of peace, aj2:ain invested with the government of ^ceivefrom 

^ ^ ^ o Louia XIII. 

Canada, 



i: 



50 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY, 



PART II. 

CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH^ 



CHAPTER III. 

DIVISIONS. 

™. , /• MministrationofChamplain,1632.—n. jldminisiraiion 

the divisions of M. de Montmagny, 1635. — III. Administration of M* 

^^ChLpS'?** d'Ailhhmt, 1647— IF. Mministratim of M. d'jirgenson, 

1658. — V. Administration of M. d^Avangour, 1661. — 

VI. Government of M. deMesy, 1663. 

How long 

had the I. AcivriNISTRATION OF ChAMPLAIN, 1632.—^ 

English pos- . _ 

session of The English held possession of Canada nearly tlii-ee 

When did yoars. So little value however, did they attach to 

it to Fiance? ^^6 colony, that they readily restored it to France, at 

the peace of St. Getmain en Laye, which was 

concluded on the 19th of March, 1632. Cham- 

^^*chlm-^ plain had the happiness to enter his beloved adopted 

^^TiIr'nT' country once more, with a squadron containing all 

necessary supplies. 

— of hie re- 2. He resumcd the government of the colony 

the govern- which he had so long fostered, and continued to 

administer all its affairs with singular prudence^ 

ofhis resolution, and courage. In 1635, he died, after 

an occasional residence of nearly thirty years in 

Quebec, full of honours, and rich in public esteem 

ofhis and respect. His obsequies were performed with 

all the pomp the colony could command. His 



death 1 



funeral 1 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 51 

remains were followed to the grave with real sorrow ^J'jji^^J^" 

by the clergy, the civil and military authorities, the gravel 
and the inhabitants of every class, each feeling 
that they had lost a friend. 

^ 1635 

3. The death of Champlain, was the most griev- Whatissaid 
0U3 misfortune Canada had yet been visited with, event \ 
During the greater part of his active life, the chief What had 

been his 

object of his heart was to become the founder of the chief ob- 
colony, which he felt confident would attain to a 
summit of extraordinary power and importance — 
and to civilise and convert its native inhabitants. 

So great was his zeal for religion, that it was a Repeat a 
common saying with him, " That the salvation of "saying^of^ 
one soul, was of more value than the conquest of 
an empire." 

4. It was just about the period of his death, whatesta- 
that the religious establishments, now so numerous, were now 
were commenced in Canada. Though they did in Canada r 
little for the immediate improvement of the Qolony, 

yet they formed the foundation oa which arose How are 

those morals and habits, which still characterise the re^ardedl 
French Canadians, and which demand our admir- 
ation, 

5. The first mover in this work of benevolence, who was 
was the Marquis de Gamache, w;hose fervour had mover'^^in 
led him to join the order of Jesuits. He conceived ^'"^ ^^^^ ' 
the design of forming a College at Quebec, and was his design't 
enabled, by his friends, to offer 6,000 gold crowns 

for this purpose. His proposal was readily was he 

, J • 1 • n- A • • • successful t 

accepted, and carried mto eftect. An mstitution ^ffYi1^^. other 

Ibr instructing the Indians was also established at ^as'^gta^ 

Sillerv, a few miles from Quebec. The Hotel Dieu, ^^^^^^^ ^■ 

TT c r^ ^ /• 1 1 c What of the 

or House oi Uod, was founded two years after- Hotel Dieu? 
wards, by a party of Ursuline nuns, who came out 



52 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



Who found 

ed the con 

vent of St. 

Ursula ? 



What is sai( 

of the 

priests ? 



What did 
they soon 
perceive 1 

What socie- 
ty was 
formed ? 



What did 
they pro- 
pose with 
regard to a 
village r 

— to the 
emigrants ? 

— to the 
Indians ? 



To whom 

was the 

island 

ceded, and 
who was 

appointed 

governor ? 

Whatissaid 
of the con- 
secration of 
the city ? 



under the auspices of the Duchesse d'Aiguillon. 
Madame de Peltrie too, a young widow of rank, 
engaged several sisters of the Ursulines at Tours, in 
France, whom she brought out at her own expence 
to Quebec, where they founded the convent of St. 
Ursula. 

6. Although several of the priests who had been 
settled in Quebec, previous to its occupation by the 
English, had returned to France, yet, when it again 
came into possession of the French, some of them 
came back for the purpose of resuming their labours. 
These missionaries soon perceived that the island 
of iMontreal was an object, of great importance. 
Several persons in France, who were powerful in 
their connections, and full of religious zeal, formed 
themselves into a society for the purpose of colonising 
the island. They proposed that a village should be 
established, and be well fortified to resist a sudden 
irruption of the natives — that the poorer class of 
emigrants should there find an asylum and employ- 
ment — and that the rest of the island should be 
occupied by such friendly tribes of Indians, as had 
embraced Christianity, or wished to receive religious 
instruction, hoping, that in time, the sons of the 
forest might become accustomed to civiHzedlife, and 
subsist by cultivating the earth. 

7. In the year IGl-O, the king ceded the whole 
island of Montreal to this association, and the 
following year, M. de Maisonneuve brought out 
several families from France, and was appointed 
governor of the island. On the Hth of June, 164-2, 
the spot destined for the city was consecrated by the 
superior of the Jesuits, the " Queen of Angels" 
was supplicated to take it under her protection, and 
it was named after her, la Ville Marie. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 53 

8. On the evening of this memorable day, Mai- ^g t^j^'^o,-'^ 
sonneuve visited the mountain. Two old Indians Maison- 

neuve, and 

who accompanied him, having conducted him to yo in, 
the summit, told him that they belonged to the nation 
which had formerly occupied the whole of the 
country he beheld, but that they had been driven 
away, and obliged to take refuge amongst the 
other tribes, except a few who, with themselves, 
remained under their conquerors. The governor What did 
kindly urged the old men to invite their brethren to nor'urge" 
return to their hunting grounds, assuring them, they 
should want for nothing. They promised to do so, ' 

11 ^ , ^i<i they do 

but it does not appear that they were successful. so? 

In the year 1644<, the whole of this beautiful domain Sunt^of ^he 

became the property of the St. Sulpicians of Paris, theSa"d°of 

and was by them afterwards conveyed to the Se- fhe'sTsui" 

minary of the same order, at Montreal, in whose pi^ians i 
possession it still remains. 

II. Administration of ^f. de Montmagny. '^'^ 
— 1. The situation of M.. de Montmagny, the deredthe' 
governor, who succeeded Champlain, in 1635, was MonVmagn"/ 
rendered peculiarly critical by the state of the Indian ^""*^^^ ■ 
nations. Owing to the weakness of the French, Whatissaid 
the Iroquois had advanced by rapid steps to great Iroquois ? 
importance ; they had completely humbled the What had 
power of the Algonquins, and closely pressed the ^^ °°^ 
Hurons, scarcely allowing their canoes to pass up 
and down the St. Lawrence. The governor was What was 
obliged to carry on a defensive warfare, and erected norobilgld 
a fort at the Richelieu, by which river the Iroquois '° ^° ' 
chiefly made their descents. 

2. At length, these fierce people made proposals what pro- 

° ^ ^ r r posals were 

for a solid peace, which were received with great "*^^^ •' 

E 2 



54 EARLY SEf TLEMENf g AND COLONIAL HIStORT* 

^eZvei^ cordiality. The governor^ met their deputies- at 
nor meet the Three Rivers, where the Iroquois produced seven- 
teen belts which they had arranged, along a cord 
By what fastened between two stakes. Their orator then 

title did tliey 

address ' Came forward and addressed Montmagnv by the 

Mont- . . . b J J 

magny 1 title of Oninthio, which signifies Great Mountain, 
and though it was in reference to his name, they 
continued ever after to apply this term to the French 
governors, sometimes adding the respectful appella- 
tion of Father. 
Give an ac- 3. The orator declared their wish " to forget their 

count of this 1 . /. 1 /. , 

interview? songs of War, and to rcsume the voicc of chcerful- 

ness." He then proceeded to explain the meaning 

What did of the belts. They expressed — the calming of the 

1X16 D6llS 

express 1 spirit of war — the opening of the paths — the mutual 
visits to be paid — the feasts to be given— the restitu- 
tion of the captives, and other friendly proceedings. 
How did the In Conformity to Indian etiquette, the governor 
act] delayed his answer for two days,'and then bestowed 
as many presents as he had received belts, and, 
through an interpreter, expressed the mostpacific sen- 
Repeat the timents. Piscaret, a great chief, then said, " Behold 
Piscaret? a stone which I place on the sepulchre of those that 
were killed in the war, that no one may attempt to 
move their bones, and that every desire of avenging 
What cere- their death may be laid aside." Three discharges 
™owed*? " of cannon were considered as seahng the treaty. 
Did the In- This engagement was for sometime faithfully observ- 
serve t^ie" ©d, and the Iroquois, the Algonquins, and the Hurons 
treaty 1 forgot their deadly feuds, and mingled in the chase 
What is said ^^ if they had been one nation. M. de Montmagny 
goverilo^r? ^PP^ars to have commanded the general respect of 
the natives, but, owing to a change in the policy of 
the court, he was unexpectedly removed. 



GANADA UNDER THE FRENCH; 55 

III. Administration op M. d'Aillebout, '^^ 

164fl. — 1. Montmagny was succeeded by M. ceededMon- 

d'Aillebout, who brought with him a reinforcement ^^^^ "^ 
of one hundred men. The benevolent Margaret 

Bourgeois too, at this time, founded the institution of ^^foVwas' 

the Daughters of the Congregation at Montreal, Somri?? 
which is at present one of the first female semina- 
ries in the colony. 

2. While the French settlements were thus J^^the'lfn^f 

improving in Canada, those of England on the '^^eSs?*' 
eastern shores of America were making an equally 

rapid progress. A union amoftg them seemed so What did 

desirable to the new governor, that he proposed to nor^p^o-' 

the New England colonies, a close alliance between ^^ ' 
them and the French ; one object of which was an 
engagement to assist each other when necessary, in 

making war with the Five Nations. However de- why was 

sirous the English colonies might have been, on liifn"b^rok€n 

other accounts, to form such an alliance, the condi- °^' 
tion with respect to the Indians was not acceptable 
to them, and the negociation was broken off. Of what -^^^^ j^ ^^j , 

effects this union, if it had taken place, would have of this 

' ^ ■' unioQ T 

been productive, it is impossible now to conjecture. 
There is no doubt, however, but that the failure of the ^ ^f jj, 
proposition must have had an important bearing ^*»'"'"«^ 
upon the events which followed, — first, in the !„ ^1,^, 
continued rivalry of the two nations — and, after- «»anner ? 
wards, in the wars between them, which did not ejid 
until the whole of Canada was subjected to Great 
Britain. 

3. At this period, the missionaries began to Whaiiseaid 
combine, with their rehgious efforts, political objects, sionariea'T 
and employed all their influence in furthering the 
French power. Amongst other movements, they 



56 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 



Who did 
they induce 
to settle in 

Canada? 



How did 
they find the 
Hurons dis- 
posed? 



What, 

change took 

place 1 



1648. 
Who renew- 
ed the war ? 
and what 
did the set- 
tlers find ? 



What took 

place at 
. Sillery? 



— at St. 
Iffnace 1 



— at St. 
Louis ? 



Could the 
missionar- 
ies have 
escaped ? 



What was 

now the 

condition of 

the Huron 

tribe 1 

Where did 
they fly r 
and -with 



induced a number of Iroquois to leave their own 
countr}', and settle within the boundaries of the 
colony ; but they do not appear to have succeeded 
in civilising them. They found the Hurons, how- 
ever, far more tractable and docile ; it is said that 
nearly three thousand of them were baptised at one 
time. A considerable change soon appeared in this 
wild region, and the christianized Indians were 
united in the villages of Sillery, St. Joseph and St. 
Mary. 

4>, During the administration of M. d'Aillebout, 
the Iroquois renewed the war in all its fury — and 
these peaceable settlers found that their enemies 
could advance like foxes, and attack like liong.. 
While the missionary was celebrating the most 
solemn rites of his church in the village of Sillery, 
the war cry was suddenly raised, and an indiscri- 
minate massacre took place amongst the four 
hundred families residing there. Soon after a band 
of the same people, amounting to a thousand, made 
an attack upon the mission of St. Ignace, and 
carried off, or killed, all the inhabitants except three. 
St. Louis was next attacked, and made a brave 
resistance, which enabled many of the women and 
children to escape. The missionaries could have 
saved themselves, but attaching a high importance 
to the administration of the last sacrament to the 
dying, they sacrificed their lives to the performance 
of this sacred rite. 

5. Deep and universal dismay now spread over 
the Huron tribe — their land, lately so peaceable, was 
become a land of horror and of blood — a sepulchre 
for the dead. No hope appearing for the survivors, 
the whole nation broke up, and fled for refuge in 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 57 

every direction. A few united with their con- )':'"^^ "^,- 

•' tioiis did 

querors, the Iroquois, but the greater number sought ^'''-pj^^^ 
an asylum with the nations of the Cats or Eriez, 
the Ottawas, and others more remote. Only those 
residing in the village of St. Marv remained, and wiiat be- 

° ° V 7 came of the 

they retired to the island of St. Joseph, where thev Indians of 

^ ^ ' . " St. Mary'si. 

for some time escaped. At last the Iroquois came 

How were 

Upon them with such suddenness and fatal pre- they exter- 

1 . 1-^1 . Ill Jninatedl 

sision, that it seemed as it a destroying angel had 
guided their steps ; one family after another was 
surprised and destroyed, till of many hundreds 
not a single individual escaped. 

6. The Iroquois now completely lorded it over in wiiat 
Canada, and the French were virtually blockaded the Fi^ench 
in the forts of Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal, period? 
Bands of marauders carried away the settlers from What is said 
under the very cannon, and swept off the hmited Indians ? 
harvests raised in the vicinity of these places. 

7. After the total destruction of their villages, the '^vhat did 

^ the rhri:<- 

christianized Indians, worn out by war, solicited tiamsed 

... II . Indians so- 

the missionanes to place them under the protection licit ■? 

of the French, in their principal fort at Quebec. 

After serious consideration, this course- was adopted, ^^'"'^ ^'"^ 

^ ' course 

and they were led, to the number often or twelve adopted? 
thousand, through the wide and noble region, 
lately peopled by their tribe. It now, however, 

•^ ^ ^ -^ , . ' ' Describe t^e 

presented a scene of unbroken silence and desola- aspect of 

1 • 111 /-I 1 ^^^^'''' f oun- 

tion, only interrupted by the traces ot havoc and try ? 
slaughter, which were visible at every spot formerly 
inhabited. 

8. Overwhelmed with distress at viewing these statT- o^ 
evidences of the total destruction of the Huron name, the>"rcaru 
they reached Quebec. They experienced, how- -v^^jft-gsai,, 
ever, a sad contrast, to the reception they would have ^^ ^^'^*'■- 



58 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORT. 

How would ^'^"'^^ amongst any neighbouring tribe of savages, 
iheyhave There they would have had every want supplied, 

been receiv- •' j i s: ^ 

ed by have received the most tender nursing, and been 



savages 



^ ««VV^ iV.^,^lV^.U Wi>^ ilXV^OI, l,.ilVX^l llWJLOili^J 



How were treated as equals. Here they were viewed as objects 

ed at^QuL' of charity, and though considerable exertions were 

^ ' made, the religious houses alone finding room for a 

hundred of the most destitute, yet the remainder 

were in danger of perishing from cold and hunger. 

What was ^J being placed in this degraded position, the hearts 

the effect ? ^|- ^^jj t^gse children of the forest received a deep 

and lasting wound, which time could scarcely 

heal. 

What was 9. After some time, a station was procured for 

them ? them, which was called Sillery, from their former 

Describe Settlement. It forms a beautiful dingle near the 

^^^ ' River St. Charles, and is now in the hands of some 

Where are of the rcligious houses at Quebec. The descendants 

Huro^ns^now of these Huron refugees are to be found in the 

to be ound ? ^.jjj^gg q£ Indian Lorette,a spot near Quebec, which 

is visited by every traveller who feels an interest in 

What as- ^^^ Indian race. It presents, however, a striking 

^prestnT?** and melancholy contrast with their former power 

and condition, when they stepped, the lords of the 

soil, over the magnificent country which borders 

,,,. Lake Huron. 

What over- ]0. At length the Iroquois began to make over- 
tures werfe ° TO 

made by the turcs of peacc, to which, it was found, the missiona- 

Iroquois ? x ^ / 

ries had powerfully contributed- At first, these 

What is said i 

oftiiemis- excellent men had been regarded with extreme 

sionaries •' . , , , , r n> • 

antipathy,but man)-- oi them,aiter suffermg protracted 

torture, and partial mutilation, had been spared 

How was ^^^ adopted into the Indian families. Their meek 

'produce^?' deportment,their solemn ceremonies, and the fervour 

with which they raised to God, ^' hands vyithout 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 59 

fingers," made a strong impression on tlie savage 
breast. Hence deputies appeared, asking for peace, ^^^^jf"" 
In their figurative language, they said "that they j^gpg^jjj^g 
oame to wipe away the blood which reddened the \^J^^^^ ^[ 
mountains, the lakes, and the rivers," and " to "ea % 
bring back the sun, which had hid its face during 
the late dreadful season of warfare." They also 

What did 

solicited " Black Robes," as they called the mis- they solicit? 
sionaries, to teach them the Christian doctrine, and 
to keep them in the practice of peace and virtue. 

IV. Administration of d'Argenson, 1658. igas 

Were tlicB'S 

— 1. The Viscount d'Argenson, who came out as proposaJs 
governor general, considered it necessary to accept 
these terms ; the most amicable professions, how- 
ever, hardly procured a respite from hostility, for, 
whilst one party treated, another attacked. In the Who landed 
following summer, the Abb6 Montigny,titular bishop and what 
of Petrd, landed at Quebec, with a brief from the bUshedin 
Pope, constituting him apostolic vicar. Curacies 
^ere, at the same time, established in Canada. 



166 J 



V. Administration of D'AvANaouR, 1661. 
— 1. The Viscount d'Argenson having requested his ^^eeded*^° 
recall on account of ill health, was relieved by the '^'^"^e^"^^' 
Baron d'Avangour, an officer of great integrity and 
resolution. His decisive measures seem to have 
saved Canada. He represented the defenceless state ^ onlfs''*'^' 
of the country, and its natural beauty and import- ™^"^"*'^ ' 
ance, to the king in warm and forcible language, ^Jfietrfil^ 
and excited a deep interest for these distant pos- ^•"^^0'"^^"^ 
sessions in the mind of his majesty, who had been 
hitherto ignorant of their value. 

2. It was at length announced that a grand WhutAras 



60 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

announced? deputation was cominff from all the cantons, with 

and what ^ ° ' 

were their the intention of " unitingthe whole earth," and of 

intentions 7 o ■» 

" burying the hatchet so deep that it might never 
What did again be duo; up," and they brought with them an 

they brin^ o i ' ^ cs 

with them? hundred belts of wampum, each of whichjsignified 
whatun- some Condition of the proposed peace. Unfortu- 
event oc- nately a party of Algonquins formed an ambuscade, 
and killed the greater part of them. Owing to this 
the result? deplofable event, all prospects of peace were 
blasted, and war raged with greater fury than ever. 
Whence did 3. The Iroquois having secn the powerfuI effect 
procure of firc-amis in their wars with the French, had 
procured them from the Dutch at Manhattan, now 
New York, and thus acquired an additional superi- 
Whom did ority over the wild tribes of the west. They attacked 
I »ey attac v ^j^^ Ottawas, who did not even make an attempt at 
resistance, but sought refuge in the islands of Lake 
With whom Huron. They ©onmienced a desperate war with 
cljmmence ^^^<^ Ericz, a name in their language signifying Cats, 
^""^^ ' and, after a hard struggle, completely succeeded, 
J^markaWe ^^ ^^ remarkable that this powerful nation has left no 
circum- memorial of its existence, except the great Lake 
Erie which bears its name. 
With what 4. In 1663, the colony was visited by a most 
colony remarkable succession of earthquakes, which com- 
menced on the 6th of February, and continued for 
How often half a year with little intermission. They returned 
return ? two or three times a day, agitating both land and 
water, and spreading universal alarm, yet without 
inflicting any permanent injury, or causing the loss 
of a single life. 
By what 5. This remarkable event was proceded by a 
remarkable great rushing noise, heard throughout the whole 
*^cee"d'edT* extent of the country, which caused the people to 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 61 

fly out of their houses as if they 'had been on fire. 
Instead of fire, they were surprised to see the walls Describeiiie 
reeling backwards and forwards, and the stones earthqua>:e? 
moving as if detached from each other ; ^the bells 
sounded, the roofs of the buildings bent down, the 
timbers cracked, and the earth trembled violently. 
Animals were to be seen flying about in every How did it 
direction, children were crying and screaming in maig an<i 
the streets, and men and women, horror struck and 
ignorant where to fly for refuge, stood still, unable to 
move ; some threw themselves on their knees in the 
snow, calling on the saints for aid, others passed 
this dreadful night in prayer. 

The movement of the ground resembled the waves Describe tiu? 
of the ocean, and the forests appeared as if there the^Jr^ound^:- 
was a battle raging between the trees, so that the —of the 
Indians declared, in their figurative language, " that 
all the trees were drunk." The ice, which was what is said 
upwards of six feet thick, was rent and thrown up 
in large pieces, and, from the openings, came thick 
clouds of smoke, or fountains of dirt and sand. 
The springs were impregnated with sulphur, many —of the 
rivers were totally lost, some became yellow, others an^/rivfrs ^ 
red, and the St. Lawrence appeared entirely white 
down as far as Tadousac. 

7. The extent of this earthquake was so great, How far did 
that one hundred and eighty thousand square miles 

were convulsed on the same day. There is nothing, ^ .^ 

however, in the whole visitation so worthy of ™os^ ^o'- 

•^ thy of re- 

remark, as the care and kindness which God shewed mari^ in U"- 

. , visitation ^ 

to the people in preserving them, so that not one 
was lost, or had a hair of their head injured. 

8. Louis XIV. resolved at this time to raise What did 

n 1 1 1 • 11 Louis XIV. 

Canada to her due importance, and no longer to resoue to 

do ? 

F 



62 



EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORT, 



overlook one of the finest countries in the world, or 

expose the French power to contempt, by allowing 

it to be trampled on by a handful of savages. For 

sent'oiTu ^^^^ purpose, he sent out four hundred troops, 

and accompanied by M. de Mesy, as commissioner, to 

were they examine into, and regulate the different branches of 
accompanl- . 

ed? administration. 



VI, Government of M. de Mesy, 1663. — 1. 

How had tt- 1 l ^ r • 1 • 

, the fimc- Hitherto the governor had exercised m person, and 
ffovernment without control, all the functions of government, but 
to executed, Louis resolvcd immediately to erect Canada into 
wasCanadft » royal government, with a council, and an inten- 

^\n\o\ dant, to whom should be entrusted the weighty 
affairs of justice, police, finance and marine. In 

Whose- this determination, he was warmly seconded bv 

conded tins '' 

detecmina- his chief minister, the great Colbert, who was ani- 

tion, and i i > ^ r- r^ i-» • • 

by what mated, by the example of Great Britain, to im- 
waa^he^ani- provo the navigation and commerce of his country 

mated f ^y. colonial establishments. 
Whatissaid ^. The Company of the "One Hundred Part- 
"panyof ' uors," hitherto oxercised the chiefpowcr in Canada. 

dred^Part"" They wcro vcry attentive to their own interests, in 

How^ had rlgidlv guarding their monopoly of the fur trade, but 

they acted 1 j^^, j \jqqj^ all along utterly regardless of the gener- 

^ey^obii^i^d ^^ welfare of the colony. They were now, however, 

to do? very unwillingly obliged to relinquish their privi- 

ledges into the hands of the crown. 

What per- ^' Under the royal jurisdiction, the governor, a 
^thl^roTai^ king's Commissioner, an apostolic vicar, and four 

council ■? Qthgf gentlemen, were formed into a sovereign 
Give an ac- council. To tlicsc wcre confidcd the powers of 
powis con^. cognizance in all causes civil or criminal, to judge in 

^!hem? the last resort, according to the laws and manners of 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 63 

France, and the practice of the Parliament of Paris, 

or " Coutume de Paris," as it was called. The Whaiissaid 

' of the legis- 

general legislative powers of the crown were lative pow. 
reserved, to be applied according to circumstances, crown ? 



CHAPTER IV. 

DIVISIONS. 

i. Government of the Marquis de Tracy, 1665. — //. Jin what are 

Account of the Various Settlements on the jimerican ^l'^ '^'^^- 

^ , sions of 

Continent at this period. Cliapter IV. 



1. Government of the Marquis de Tracv, 



1 G6.0 



1665. — 1. The Marquis de Tracy, filling the joint who now 
character of Viceroy and Lieutenant General, banadai 
arrived in Canada, in 1665. He brought with him wMiat regi-. 
the whole regiment of De Carignac Salieres, con- 'brfng with' 
sisting of more than one thousand men, the officers '"™ ' 
of which soon became the chief seigneurs of the 
colony. This regiment had been employed for wiiatissaia 
sometime in Hungary, and had acquired a high "^'^' 
reputation. This, with a considerable number o^ wng thism 
other settlers, including agriculturists and artizans '"iportant 

' o D accessaon to 

with horses and cattle, formed an accession to the *''^ colony ? 
colony, which far exceeded its' former numbers. 

2. The enlightened policy of Colbert, in thus whatis«iia 
raising Canada into notice and consideration, was of coibe'^i 

followed by the success it deserved. To a well 

1 . -1 111. , "^^'lat a*^- ' 

regulated civil government, was added increased vantages 

.,. • • I T . n . were ac- 

mihtary protection against the Jroquois. Security quired ? 
being thus obtained, the emigration of French ^effect''* 



6^ EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

settlers increased rapidly, and being promoted in 

every possible way by the government, New 

France rose rapidly into consideration and Impor- 

What spirit tance. Owing to the presence of so many soldiers, 

was diffused . , . , . t i , » i 

among the a martial spmt was imparted to the population, and 
P^<^P ® • ^[jgy. began to prepare to defend properly the country 

of their adoption. 

Whatiasaid 3. The new viceroy lost no* time in preparing to 

viceroy > check the insolence of the Iroquois, and to establish 

Give an ac- ^ Supremacy over them. He erected three forts on 

measures i' the river Richelieu, the first at Sorel, the second at 

Chambly, and the third farther up the river. 

What effect Ovcrawed by these movements, and by the reports 

^d Tand of a large force marching against them, three of the 

posai was cantons sent deputies, with ample professions of 

™*^® ^ friendship, and proposing an exchange of all the 

prisoners taken on both sides since the last treaty, to 

which the viceroy agipeed^ 
Which of 4. The fierce Oneidas and Mohawks, however, 

the tribes ' 

kept aloof! kept aloof, and a party of the latter killed three 

and ^ ,. V 1 -n. .-.1 

whom did officers, one of whom, named ve Chasy, was ne- 

theMo- , , . TIT. 1 r 1 1 

hawks kill ? phew to the viceroy. W hen they lound, how- 

Yaer^ap- ^ver, that the French general, De Courcelles, had 

^uei^e 1 begun his march into their territory, an envoy 

from each of these nations appeared at Quebec to 

How were solicit poacc. They were well received, and 

ed ? invited to the governor's table. The conversation 

what occ^ur- happening unfortunately to fall on De Chasy's death, 

"■^^ ^ the envoy from the Mohawks, in a paroxysm of 

What was savage pride, lifted up his arm, saying, " With this 

the conse- j^and that young officer was slain." M. de Tracy, 

quence of •' '^ •' ' 

th.i8.boaat? in a transport of rage, told him, he should not live 
to kill another Frenchman, and ordered him to be 
immediately executed ; whilst the Oneida envoy 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 65 

was detained a prisoner. Of course, this event put ^ifaj\5^f|*^* 

an end to all pacific overtures. Indeed, the viceroy ^veDt ? 
would not even listen to two new ambassadors^ 

who were sent to him. He determined immedi- what did 

ately to take the command in person, and, being determine 
joined by De Courcelles, and reinforced by six hun- 
dred of the Carignan regiment, advanced boldly 
into the enemy's country. 

5. Notwithstanding every precaution had been Did the in- 
taken to keep his movements secret, the Indians had of his 
received notice of De Tracy's approach. They wEat^was 
immediately abandoned th^ir villages, and left him * ^ductT' 
to march through a desolate country. He found, how did he 
however, such an abundance of grain buried near ^l^roops*?" 
their deserted abodes, that he was enabled to subr 

sist his troops until they reached the eastern fron- 
tier. The Indians, who were assembled there, ^f^^he^fif.'^ 
fled with precipitation into still more remote and <^^^^',^"^ 
inaccessible retreats, and, as he could not occupy cy'sretum? 
this extensive territory, he was obliged to retura 
without striking any decisive blow. 

'^ , . 1667 

6. The Marquis De Tracy continued in authority What is said 

,,,./,. „ '' ofM. De 

only a year and a half, and on his return to France, Tracy? 
carried with him the affections of the people. He 
maintained a state, which had never before been maintain ? 
seen in Canada. Besides the regiment of Carignan, 
he was allowed to maintain a body guard, wearing -vvas^he™ 
the same uniform as the Garde Royale of France. *"®°*^^ • 
He always appeared, on state occasions, with these How did he 
guards, twenty-four in number, who preceded him, state^occa" 
four pages immediately accompanied him, followed ^'°"* ' 
by five valets. It was thought, at that time, that this Why was 

. . this style 

style gave favorable impressions of royal authority, adopted ? 

7. Before this officer returned home, he placed the ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ 

F2 



66 EARLT SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

count of the country in a State of defence, and established the 

final pro - •' ' 

ceedinG:s of Company of the West Indies, as this new company 

Tracy ? was called, from having been united to the other 

French possessions in America, which we have not 

Whom did yet mentioned. This very able governor left M. De 

he leave as ^ „ i • i i 

governor Courcelles to act as governor general, with geveral 
officers of great ability under his command. 

II. Accounts op the various settlements 

ON the Continent at this period. — 1. Before 

Why is the proceeding farther in our history, we will take a 

the Ameri- glance at the different settlements formed on the 

given? coasts of the Atlantic, in order to shew the situation 

of Canada, at that time, with regard to the colonies 

near her. 

?J^nt^o"fthe ^* '^^^ ^^^^ attempt made by the English m 

first attempt forming a settlement was in 1583, when Sir Hum- 
made by the ° 

English to phrcv Gilbert obtained a charter from Queen 

establish a •^ "^ _ 

colony? Elizabeth, and sailed with several vessels. A 

How was it , , 

defeated r series of disasters, however, defeated the project, 

and on the homeward voyage, the vessel in vvhich 

he sailed was wrecked, and all on board perished. 

When were ^- Elorida, as has been mentioned in the first 

^CaroUna'^ part of this history, had been discovered by Sebas- 

and°tak?n' ^^"^ Cabot, and taken possession of in 1513, by 

possession Ponc6 de Leon-and Carolina in 1520 byD'Allyon. 

What disco- To these succeeded the discoveries of Verrazani in 

ceeded 1524*, extending from the coasts of New Jersey to 

1562' Newfoundland. In 15G2, Coligny, Admiral of 

pur^pos^was France, desirous of establishing in America a 

^di^s*psuched refuge for French Protestants, dispatched a squadron 

^CoUgS^yr^ to Florida, under the command of John Ribault, 

whe^e^did ^"^ it sailed farther north than was intended, and 

it arrive? arrived at Port Royal entrance in Carolina. Here, 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 



67 



after some deliberation, it was determined to ggj^jj^/g^"? 

establish a colony, and a fort was erected. They 

gave the country the name of Carolina, in conipli- ^^^^r whom 

ment to Charles IX. of France, and, on going away, name the 

left twenty-six men to keep possession. The next 

year, this little company constructed a rude brigan- What hnp- 

' r ^ o pened to 

tine, and embarked in it for home, but had nearly f'i'^ •'t^'«' 

. ' company? 

perished by famine at sea, when they fell in with 
and were taken on board an English vessel. 

4. In 1564*, another expedition was planned. Where was 
and a colony established on the river St. John^s in colony es- 

T-,, . 1 T I • /"I'll tublishedr 

liorida. It was on the pomt ol being broken up, 

when Ribault arrived and assumed the command ; How was it 

bringing with him supplies, and additional emigrants. ^^''^*'^" ^' 

5. In the meantime, news having reached Spain, Whnt ucavs 
that French Protestants were settled within the Spalni and 
Spanish territory. General Melendez was despatch- criroiina? 
ed to extirpate the heretics. On the 18th of loc..^ 
September, 1565, he landed, took possession of count*'o"f^j!^i9 
Carolina, and proclaimed the King of Spain mon- ^^'^i^gsV 
arch of all North Amertca. 

6. A short time after this, the French fleet what is said 
having put to sea, with the design of attacking the Frei^cu 
Spaniards in Carolina, were overtaken by a furious ^ofVhe *^ 
storm, every ship was wrecked on the coast of Florida , ^^^l^J^nent 
and the French Protestant settlement there left in a ^" Florida ? 
defenceless state. The Spaniards, aware of this, -what 
made their way through the forests to the French fJfnf^f'^Ha 
fort, and put to death all its inmates, except a few ^rdf com- 
who fled into the woods. These subsequently ""'• 

1 1 1 T-i 1 1 • 1 . i' Whnt bf- 

escaped, and got on board two French ships, which came of 

had remained in the harbour. Over the mangled ned :■ 

remains of the French, the Spaniards ])laced this /J,Bcrfp\ion 

inscription " We do not this as unto Frenchmen, ',',','J*'Ffc,Icir> 



68 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

p^^ed\oXe ^"^ ^^ "^*^ heretics." The helpless fugitives who 

fugitives ? had escaped, soon after their embarkation, were un- 

V fortunately shipwrecked. They were soon dis- 

their fate ? covered by the Spaniards, and were all massacred, 

except a few Catholics, and several mechanics, who 

1566 were reserved as slaves. This outrage, hovtrever,. 

By whom , , o ? ? 

was this did not remain long unavenged : for the next year, 

this outrage ° <=> J j •> 

avenged? 1566, the Chevalier De Georges, a noble minded 
soldier of Gascony, fitted out three ships at his 
own expence, surprised two of the Spanish forts 
on the St John's river in Florida, and hung their 

Repeat tiie garrisons on the trees. Over them, in bitter moc- 

piaced^ov'e" kcry, he placed this inscription, " I do this, not as; 

^ ardS"'' unto Spaniards or mariners, but as to traitors,, 
robbers and murderers." 

1 583 

How did the 7. Sir Humphrey Gilbert made an attempt in 

sir^H.^Gn- 1583, to found an English colony on the shores of 

a^coiony'" the Atlantic, which ended in the loss of every one 

Who sue- connected with the expedition. This, however, did 

ceeded him? ^^^ prevent his brother-in-law, Sir Walter Raleigh,. 

What lands from embarking in the same course. Having obtained 

posse^ssfon ^ patent from Queen Ehzabeth, he sailed the next 

^^^^ year, and took possission of the lands lying between 

Why did he *^® '^^^^ ^"^^ ^^^ degrees of north latitude. To 

"terrttor*^ this oxtcnsivo territory, he gave the name^ of 

Virginia? Virginia, in honour of the Virgin Queen, and by 

this name, all North America was, for sometime, 

Whatpiaces distinguished. The two vessels which accompanied 

^y Ms ves^- him, visitcd the coast of Carolina, and the islands 
in Pamlico and Albemarle sounds. 

] 58/) 

What new 8. During the year 1585, Sir Walter stationed 
Sir Walter one hundred people at the river Roanoke. Their 
What mis- impatience, however, to acquire riches, gave a 
iii'^y^j^jai^e •? wrong direction to their industry, and the cultivation 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 69 

of the ground was neglected in the idle search after 
gold and silver. The greater part of these settlers ...^ . 

=> to 1 What was 

perished, and the survivors were taken home to the result? 
England by Sir Francis Drake, who opportunely 
arrived with a fleet' from the West Indies. 

1.586 

9. Soon after Sir Francis Drake had sailed. Sir Who next 
Richard Grenville arrived with a fresh colony. In Virginia ? 
1587, Sir Walter sent another company under ,'^^.^^''''1 

' r ^ While lind 

Governor White, but on his arrival, he found that «>n his arri- 

' ' , vail 

all the last company had perished, either by famine, 
or by the savage nations. Notwithstanding this Did he leave 
dreadful circumstance, he left one hundred and *"®^ijy7"' 
fifty people at the settlement. On the 13th of -vvhat 
August, this year, Manteo, the first Indian who ^''p,"ce ^in°^ 
became a Christian, was baptized, and, on the 18th, ^'^^ ' 
the first child of Enghsh parents was born. She 
was the daughter of a Mrs Dare, and was named 
Virginia. The sufferings of this colony must have Give an oc- 
been dreadful, for when White returned, which, *fa"?of this* 
owing to his having been taken by the Spaniards, ^^^^^^ ' 
was not until 1590, not an individual was to be 
found, they had either perished for want of food, or 
been put to death by the Indians. 

10. The voyage of Bartholomew Gosnold, in who sue. 
1602, has been already mentioned. Martin Pring *^^^nofd?''*' 
succeeded him. He landed on the coast of Maine, ^^ , 

' Whatplacea 

discovered some of its principal rivers, and ex- did he visit* 
amined the coast of Massachusetts as far as 
Martha's Vineyard. In 1604-, M. de Monts form- >«o> 

1 V I -kT When waa 

ed the settlement at Nova Scotia, then called Acadia sci- 
Acadia. 

11. In 1606, Mr. Percy, brother to the Duke of Who disco. 
Northumberland, went out to Virginia, and dis- James' 
covered James' riYer^ which he named after the aft'^^vhSm 



70 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY* 

^^^^id"^™" -^"S^is^^ king. The following year, a confipany^ 
What of the called the London Company, sent out three vessels, 

London r j ^ ■> 

Company? under the command of Captain Newport. This 

— of the first ^ ^ 

permanent vvas the first permanent settlement made by the 

settlement ^ '' 

by the Eng- English in the new world, and took place one 

lish ? ' 

hundred and ten years after the discovery of the 
continent by Cabot, and forty-one years after the 
settlement of St. Augustine in Florida. 
For what is 12. The year 1608 is memorable for the found- 
iGosm'emor- ing of the citv of Quebec, the first permanent 
settlement made by the French in the new world, 
England having preceded them only one year in. 
successful colonization. 
Whatissaid 13. During the years 1607 and 1608, Henry 
voyag^ Hudson, an English mariner of some celebrety, 
HiTdson^? made two voyages to the northern coasts of Ameri- 
ca, with the hope of finding a passage through those 
Into what icy scas to the genial climes of Southern Asia. In 
lie enter ? 1609, he entered into the service of the Dutch East 
Indian Company, and sailed on his third voyage, 
gouth did he Failing to discover a northern passage to India, he. 
wSt waters turned to the south, and e:j^plored the eastern coast, 
^'*^mfneT' in the hope of finding a passage to the Pacific, 
Whatissaid After proceeding south as far as capas Charles and 
^**^^o^fthe Henry, he again turned north, and examined the- 



yery 
Hii 

river r 



Hudson Yvaters of Delaware bay, and following the eastern 



coast of New Jersey, on the 13th of September, he 
anchored his vessel within Sandy Hook. After a 
week's delay, Hudson passed through the narrows, 
and, during ten days, continued to ascend the noble 
river which now bears his name. It was not until 
How far did j^jg ycssel had passed beyond the site of the city of 

ha trace it r ' •' •' 

Hudson, and a boat had advanced probably higher 
than the city of Albany,, that he appears to have. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 71 

relinquished all hopes of being able to reach the 
Pacific by this inland passage. 

14. The following year, the Dutch East India what was 
Company fitted out a ship, with merchandize, to Dutch East 
trafiic with the natives of the country which Hud- " panyT" 
son had explored. The voyage being prosperous, ^J/^t^V^iraf? 
the trafiic was continued and increased. When '^"^^ 

Describe the 

the English Captain Argall visited the island of Dutch set- 

. 11. tlement on 

Manhattan in 1613, on his return from breaking up theisiandof 
the French settlement of Port Royal, he found a inieja? 
few rude huts, which the Dutch had erected there, 
as a summer station for those who traded with the 
natives. Unable to make any resistance against Did they 
the force of Argall, the Dutch quietly submitted to ^Irgaii ? 
ihe English claim of sovereignty over the country. 
On his departure, however, they continued their What did 
traffic, and erected a rude fort on the southern wards " 
part of the island. In 1615, they began a settle- 

-^ 5 . o When was 

ment at Albany, and erected a fort, which was Albany set- 

' tied ? 

called fort Orange. They also gave the name of ^ ^^^^ 
New Netherlands to the country which was under "^'"^ ^»« 

•' the country 

their dominion. called ? 

15. In the meantime, the little English settlemient To what 

^ state were 

m Virginia was reduced to the brink of ruin. Sir the English 

r, , . . i" Virginia 

George Somers, on his visiting it, found the colonists re.iuced t 

1 1 1 1 . I 1 . /» ^"'^ what 

reduced to sixty, who all embarked with nim for did they do? 
England, and broke up the settlement. Fortunate- By whom 
ly, however, they were met, the day after they met? ' 
sailed, by Lord Delaware, who was appointed 
governor, and who persuaded them to return. 
Under the administration of this wise and able man, of'ihe^a^(r- 
order and contentment were again restored. New "f LoiTiJe- 
eettlers, to the amount ot three hundred, arrived ^=^^^^*' •' 

' , ' — oflheim- 

under the command of Sir Thomas Gates, and piovemem 

of the Co- 
things began to assume a new aspect. lony* 



72 EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND COLONIAL HISTORY. 

Who ex- ig^ In 16X4, Captain John Smith, who had 

plored the 7 r 7 

coast of already obtained distinction in Virginia, explored 

^ewiEng- "^ D 7 I 

land, and the coast, from the Penobscot river to Cape Cod, 

gave it the ' , 

name it now with great carc. He gave to this country the name 

of New England, which was confirmed by Prince 

WhHt at- Charles, and has ever since been retained. For 

he"make'? Several years, he made various attempts to settle 

How far did this territory, which extended from the 40th to the 

it extend? 

and to ^Sth degrees of north latitude, and had been con- 

whom had i i i i m /» t-« 

it been con. vcyed as absolutc property to the council of Ply- 
mouth, a company established in England. 

What is said 17. To this country a noble band of emigrants, 

tana ? "" who, being dissenters from the estabhshed church of 

England, were called Puritans, and were persecuted 

for their opinions, came and formed a permanent 

— of their settlement. They had emigrated to Holland as 

'f68id6ncp in. 

Holland? early as 1608. Notwithstanding they had been 
-.of their ^nyen from their endeared homes by the rod of 

attachment •' 

^oJ^"sifind? persecution, they loved England still, and desired to 

desire 1 retain their mother tongue, and to live under the 

What did government of their native land. This love of 

country** in- Country, which always animates the minds of the 

"tcTdVl"* good and virtuous, induced them to seek a second 

When did England in the wilds of America. They sailed 

from Delft Haven in Holland, on the 1st of August, 

1820 1620, and from Plymouth in England, on the 16th 

When did of September. After a long and dangerous voyage, 

cape*'co7 Ihey discerned the shores of Cape Cod on the 19th 

harbour? ^^ November, and, on the 21st, entered Cape Cod 

For what harbour. Exploring parties were sent on shore to 

werYpSes "^^ke discovcries, and select a place for settlement. 

shok"*" ^" *^® ^^^* ^^ December, they landed in the 

When did harbour, which they called Plymouth, after the 

the pilgrims •, j /• 

landi port they had sailed Irom. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 73 

18. The settlement of New Jersey was begun, in w^en was 
1623, by a party under Captain Cornelius May, ^.n^ent of 

^ J IT J r J New Jersey 

The first colonization of the province, however, commen- 
dates more properly from the founding of Elizabeth- 
town in 1664i. New Hampshire was settled in Give an ac- 
1623— Lord Baltimore commenced settling Mary- oE'8eu?e! 
iand in 1633 — settlements were formed in Connec- '"^n^s r 
ticut and Rhode Island in 1634« and 1636 — in 
Vermont in 1664— and in South Carolina in 1670. 

19. A regular, prudent and wise plan of coloniz- whocom- 
ation was commenced by WiUiam Penn in 1668, \^sTph?ii of 
under the right of a royal charter. He honourably ^'^"i«ni«nt? 
purchased the I and from the Indians, and his colony, purchase ?^ 
to which he gave the name of Pennsylvania, pros- *"aidu»f h^s" 
pered more than any other. His measures were *^^'°"y ' 
just and enlightened, and his name will ever measures? 
be regarded with esteem and veneration. 

20. From this time, colonization proceeded By whom 
rapidly, the whole coast being settled by the Eng- whole coast 
lish ; the Dutch settlement at Manhattan, then ^^"'*'^^ 
called New Belgia, and now New York, and a 
purchase, made from the Indians by some Swedes j^g^me the 
and Fins, of the lands between Cape Henlopen ^^<=«P*»«n»- 
and the Delaware, to which they gave the name of 
Swedeland, only excepted. 



G 



'74> COLO^'rAL FIISTORTrf 



CHAPTER V. 

DIVISIONS. 

Wharare /. Godernment of M. de Courcelks, 1668.^-11. Gooernmenf 
sions of of M. de Frontenac,1672. — III. Government of M. de La 
Chapter V ? Barre, 1682.— /F. Government ofM. de Denonville,! 685. 
— V. Second ^ministration of M. de Frontenac, 1689. 

'^^* I. Government of M. de Courcelles. — I. 

To what VVe now return to the period of De Tracy's retire- 
period do V , . f, , , 

^ve now re- mcnt, and the assumption of the government by 

Whatim- M. dc CourcclIes. During his administration, little 

fooT' pifTce ? <^(>ubt was entertained as to the permanency of 

the colony. The inhabitants began to extend 

their settlements, and to cultivate their lands. The 

OiTicers and soldiers had liberal grants made to 

them, and a free trade was granted to the country 

generally. 

What new 2. As the number of the men greatly exceeded 

'portation' ^^at of the womcn, several hundreds were sent 

^canada'?^ from France to Canada. As soon as they arrived, 

What was g^jj advertisement was published, to let the people 

published ^ ' ^ ■' 

on their ar- know " that a supulv had been sent over, and that 

rival? rr .; ? 

such as had the means of supporting a wife, 

should have their choice." It is said that the 
coHection'?^ Collection consisted of tall, short, fair, brown, fat, 

and lean. So great was the demand, that, in 
a^iTd'isposTd about a fortnight, the whole cargo was disposed of.' 
°^^ None of the historians of the time mention what,-' 

the Indians thought of this curious speculation. 

1670 =" ^ 

Whatissaid 3. In 1670, the church of Quebec was consti- 

ofthe 

church of luted a bishoprick ; some important measures were 
also adopted for the better governing of the country, 
and for maintaining peace with the savages. The 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 75 

trade and agriculture of ihe country prospered ; ^o,?\J^de'*^ 
and the clerical orders became more enthusiastic ^"'^ agricui- 

ture 1 and 

than ever in their efforts to make proselytes of the p^ ^he 

^ •' clerical 

TfldianS. orders 1 

4<. A fatal calamity, however, which had been what caia- 
hitherto unknown in the new world, niade its ™sUed°ca- 
appearance among the tribes north of the St. °* 
Lawrence, namely the small pox. This scourge, what is said 
more terrible to the savages than all the fire arms scour'e? 
in Europe, carried off more than half their number, 
and spread a universal panic over the land. 

5. Courcelles had requested his recall, and, in what is said 

</.«-, 1 • r- • /^ • ofCourcel- 

lf)7'J, on his return Irom a journey to Lataraqui, les t and his 
where he had fixed upon a spot foriiuilding a fort, caiaraqui? 
near the present scite of Kingston, he found his 
place supplied. His successor was Louis Count de By whom 
Frontenac, who was destined to act an important ^^ceed^edT' 
part in Canada. 

IT. Government ofde Frontenac, 1672 — 
1. Frontenac was able, active, enterprising, and Frontenac? 
ambitious : but proud, overbearing, and subject to 
capricious jealousies. Entering, however, cordi- How did be 
ally into his predecessor'*s views in regard to the ^pubHc^ 
fort at Cataraqui, he caused it to be built immedi- ^^^"'^ ■ 
ately, and actively promoted vast projects for ex- 
ploring the interior regions of this continent. 

2. The brilliant talents of M. de Frontenac whatissaid 
were sometimes obscured by prejudices, but his anii plans"?* 
plans for the aggrandisement of Canada were 
Bplendid and just. He possessed, however, a spirit 
which would not brook contradiction. For having Give an ac- 

o count oi his 

neglected some order eiven to him, he imprisoned f^rbitrary 

° o ' i conduct to 

the intendant general, M. de Chesnau : the pro-^ various per. 

o 7 7 1 sons 1 



76 COLONIAL history/ 

curator general, he exiled j the governor of Mon- 
treal, he put under arrest ; and the abb6 de 
Salignac, Fenelon, then superintending the semin- 
ary of the St. Sulpicians at Montreal, he impri- 
soned, under pretence of having preached against 

Who was him. His principal opponent was the hishop, 

paioppon- who very properly disapproved of the sale of spirits 
to the Indians, which was found to produce the 

How (lid the most pernicious effects. The count, however, 

gard it { Considered it as at once extremely profitable, and 

as a means of attaching them to the French interest. 

What was The affair being referred to the French government, 

the result ? , . , -, v . .t • . ^ , i • v 

was decided according to the opinion of the bishop 

and clergy, and the traffic in ardent spirits was 

strictly prohibited. 

Who ex- 3. During the administration of M. de Frontenac, 

nadratthia M. de Courcelles, the French general, explored 

^^^^ the greater part of Canada, and taught the Indians 

to regard the colonists with some degree of awe. 

Who visited M. Porrot, an indefatigable traveller, visited all the 

near the nations in the vicinity of the great lakes. A tribe 

,rr^ ^^ ., of christianized Indians, guided by Father Mar- 

What tribe ' ° •' 

settled at quettc, were induced to settle at Michilimackinac. 

Michllima- 

ckiiiac? And the christianized Iroquois, who had been 

Where were /^ i . 

the Chris- separated from the rest of their nation, were settled 

tianized Iro- , i • i /• i rt t i o . 

quois set- ou the south Side 01 the St. Lawrence, at the Sault 
St. Louis. The intendant general, M. Talon, 

What is said /•i«3« jvjj i 

ofM.Taionr was a man 01 profound views, and had done much 

to extend the authority of France into the most 

distant parts of Canada. Having reason to con- 

^n he had' cludc from the reports of the Indians, that there 

of his detTr^ flowed, wcst of the lakes, a vast river, called the 

mination ? Mississippi, or " Father of Waters," he determined 

not to leave America^until he should ascertain the 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 77 

truth of this important information. For this pur- w^o were 
pose, he employed Father Marquette, who had * ^^ p,^''^*'? ' 
previously travelled over the greater part of Canada, JJ.y him in 
and with him he associated M. Tonti, a merchant tantinvesti- 

gallon ■? 

of Quebec, of well known abilities and experience. 

4. They proceeded to Lake Michigan, ascended What river 

Fox river, whence they crossed the country to the ascend? 

river Escousin, (Wisconsin) which they descended, did they 

until it unites with the Mississippi. They floated how far? 

1 V X • u 1 c How far did 

down its stream, in a bark canoe, as lar as they float 

to some villages of the Illinois, a few miles below Mississippi? 

the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri. 

They then descended the river to Arkansas, or to How far did 

the 33rd degree of north latitude, when, being *Sri?erT 

convinced that the river emptied itself into the 

Gulf of Mexico, they returned. Thus the Missis- whatissaid 

sippi was discovered by the way of Canada. The ^ve?^ofihe" 

advantages it held out, however, were neglected ^lississippii 

o 7 3 & Why were 

for some time, owing to the death of Father Mar- ^^^ advant- 

° ages of this 

quette, and the return of M, Talon to France. discovery 

neglected ? 

5. In 1678, the Sieur de La Sale, accompanied who arriv- 

by Chevalier Tonti, arrived from France. The FranceTn 

king having granted him the seigniory of Catara- whatissaid 

qui, near fort Frontenac, he proceeded there, built sa?*?^*^ 
a vessel, and sailed to Niagara, accompanied by 
Tonti, and Father Hennepin, a Flemish Recollet, 

Here they remained during the winter, attending to Give an ac- 

the fur trade, and in the summer, they built a theiV^enT-^ 

vessel for navigating t-ake Erie. They sailed up ^^^offiH? ' 

that lake and proceded afterwards, by different ^7*l''*<* 

*■ ' ^ Michilima- 

routes, to Michilimackinac. They then parted : ^k'nnc? 

•' ^ ' and of their 

Hennepin proceeding to the Illinois, and La Sale parting? 
returning to Cataraqui. It was not until the year in what 

1682, that the Mississippi was descended to. the the^Ss. 
G 3 



78 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

sippi ^^^- sea. This great object was accomplished by La 
the sea ? Sale. All the country watered by that mighty 
what king rivor was then nominally taken possession of, in 

was the , • i • 

country the name of Louis XIV., in whose honour it was 

named Louisiana. 
What line 6. At this period, the court of France finding 

of conduct , . . •! 1 i" -n 11 

did the court that it was impossible tor J^rontenac, and the 
adopt? intendant, M. de Chesnau, to act together, re- 
called both, and M. de La Barre was sent out as 
the new viceroy. 

IIL Government of M. de La Barre, 1682. 
^rations" — ^' Soon after the appointment of the new viceroy, 
IngVyihe ^^® L'oquois assumed a tone of defiance, and made 
Iroquois? formidable preparations for war. These caused 
state was great apprehensions of a general war among the 
this period 1 Indians, and the state of Canada became alarming 
in the highest degree, as the whole population con- 
sisted only of nine thousand persons. 
How had 2. The military strength of Canada had been 
*^s^trTngt"^ reduced greatly, in consequence of many of the 
^^^"e d^?^^^" troops having become proprietors and cultivators of 
Give an ac- land. M. de La Barre, however, determined upon 
prSedinffs ^^^^^J ^"^ having obtained a reinforcement of two 
^'^Barre^i^^ hundred men, advanced up the St Lawrence. 
B whom ^^ ^^^^ ^®^ ^^ Montreal, by a deputation from the 
was he met? cantons, who made strong professions of friendship, 
but he considered them as unw^orthy of credit, 
He directed all his force against the Senecas, 

Why did he 

direct his because it was through their country, that the 

, force ° 

against the English had penetrated to the fur trade on the 
lakes. He found, however, that the tribes had 

What did he j i . 

find ? determined to make common cause, and had 
received ample assurances of aid from New York, 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 79 

which had been taken possession of by the English. 

Through their various settlenQents, the English held whatissaid 

. , T • , of the En€- 

a kind of dominion over the Iroquois country, and lish? 
they endeavoured with success to alienate them 
from the French, chiefly by dealing with the tribes 
on more advantageous terms. 

3. The Iroquois soon found it their interest, not in what 

^ ^ manner did 

only to carry all their furs to the English market, but the iioquoia 

to buy up those of the other tribes in alliance with 

France. Heavy complaints were constantly made By whom 

,,T-, ,, ITT 1 ^ ' -1 were corn- 

by the French, but the Indians treated them with plaints 

great indifference. They shrewdly discovered, in ^v^j^jj^ ^■^^ 

the eager competition between these two European ^cover'-- 

nations, the means of rendering their own position 

more secure and imposing. 

4. After meeting the deputies at Montreal, M. de whiiher 
La Barre proceeded to the northern shore of Lake Barreino- 
Ontario, where he had another interview with the 
Indians. He assumed a lofty tone, complained of How did he 
their inroads into the country of the tribes in alhance Sseif*? 
with France, and of their having conducted the 
English to the lakes, and enabled them to sup- 
plant the commerce of his countrymen. He con- What did he 
eluded by stating, that unless reparation was made .iiem ; 
for these injuries, with a promise to abstain from 

them in future, war, and the devastation of their 
country must be the immediate consequence. The 
deputies very coolly replied, '' that he appeared to 
speak like one in a dream, and that if he would answel'T 
open his ©yes, he would see himself wholly desti- 
tute of the means of executing these formidable 
threats." With regard to the English, they said 
« that they had allowed them to pass through their ^'',he e^mJ.'' 
country on the same principle, that they had given ^^^^ '• 



80- COLONIAL HISTORY. 

]hev^ ro-^ permission to his people to pass." They professe^l 

fess? themselves anxious "that the hatchet should still 

remain buried, unless the country granted to them 

What (lid should be attacked." The Onondago deputies guar- 

go deputies antecd reparation for any actual plunder inflicted on 

promibe French traders, but added that no more could be 

conceded, and that the army must be immediately 

Was De La withdrawn. Humiliating as these terms were, after 

^d"ocom°-' ^"^^ lofty threats and preparations, De La Barre 

P^y** had no choice but to comply and return to Quel>ec. 

What did he 5. Here he found that a fresh reinforcement had 

Quebec? been landed. The letters he received from court, 

purporVof intimated the expectation that he was carrying on 

rJoracoun? ^ triumphant war with the Five Nations, and 

conveyed from the king an absurd and cruel request, 

that he would send a number of Iroquois prisoners 

to man his galleys. 

Ho<^ was ^' VVhen the real issue of the campaign was 

hisfa^ihn-e^ reported at court, great dissatisfaction was felt. The 

'^*^coIm^?^^ governor was immediately pronounced unfit for his 

Whatfoi- situation, and was superseded by the Marquis de 

Denonville. 



lowe-d 1 



,gj(. IV. Government of de Denonville, 1635. 

whitiier — 1. This aclive and brave officer, immediately on 

viiie pro- his arrival, proceeded to Cataraqui, now Kingston, 

^ ■ with about two thousand troops. After a very 

short time, he declared his conviction, that the 

Sea8u*es°of Iroquois could never be conciliated, and that it was 

^TionT necessary either to extirpate them, or to reduce 

them to a state of entire dependance* He pro- 

^Tolose to^ posed also to erect a strong fort at Niagara, to 

aTNiaffara = prevent them from introducing the English fur trade 

into the upper lakes. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 8 1 

2. An instance of treachery stains the character R«'ate an 

•^ instance of 

of Denonville. Having, under various pretences, treachery 

^' ^ ^ committed 

assembled a number of the chiefs, at fort Frontenac, by Denon- 

^ yiUe ? 

(Kingston) he iniquitously put them in irons, and 
sent them off to France, to fulfil the king's absurd 
wishes. He then proceeded towards the Seneca Describe his 

. , , ,. , . . proceedings 

country, where he met with but little opposition, in the sene- 

1 11/- 11' T t . ca country > 

and marched for ten days, burning and destroying 
all grain and provisions, not required by his troops. 
Although the governor of New York remonstrated What is said 

° ° . ofthegover- 

with him, urging that the Iroquois were the subjects nor of New 

of England, yet he persevered, and carried his 

plan into execution of erecting and garrisoning a 

fort at Niagara. He then found it necessary to Whither did 

° •'he then go ? 

return to the Canadian side of Lake Ontario. 

3. Scarcely had he reached home, before the what of the 

T . I T 1 1 /.I Iroquois? 

Iroquois showed that they were masters of the 

country. They attacked fort Niagara, and razed:^ 

it to the ground. They covered the lake with Give an ac- 

their canoes, attacked fort Frontenac, burned all their pro- 

the corn stacks in the neighbourhood, and captured ^"^ 

a French barque, laden with provisions and stores. 

The Indian allies of the French attacked the what repri.~ 

Iroquois of Sorel, and committed many depredations "^ma<kT* 

on the English settlements, plundering the property, 

and scalping the inhabitants. 

4<. At length, both parties desired peace, and a c^an^ e***. 
treaty was set on foot for this purpose. Deputies \2^^_ ^}^f^'y 
from the Iroquois proceeded to Montreal, leaving, proceedings 
at two days' distance behind them, twelve hun- deputies r 
dred of their countrymen, fit for immediate 
action. Proud of their commanding situation, what did 
they demanded the restoration of the chiefs, unjust- demami? 
ly seized, and of all other captives. They allowed 



8*3 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

Whotdid the o-overnor only four days to consider the offer, 

they o ► * -' 

threaten ? threatening, if not accepted, immediately to set fire to 
the buildings and corn fields, and to murder the 
inhabitants. The deepest consternation prevailed 

WasDenon- ^ /» i 

vfiie obii<reJ at Montreal, and Denonville found himself under 

to accept 

these. the necessity of accepting; these humiliating con- 

t-.onditions ? ,. , , ,, • i r n. i 

ditions, and of requesting back from France the 
What is said chicfs he had so basely sent thither. This deep and 

of this , , .™ . . /. 

traijsaction? dsserved mortihcation was a just recompence lor 

his treachery to the Indians, 
By whom f). This treaty was interrupted by the management 
treaty , of a voung Huron chief, named Kondiaronk, or the 

interruptfid] it^ 

,„, - Hat. He was mortified at the French makms: 

Why ? ° 

peace with the Iroquois, without consulting the 

Hurons, who wished them exterminated. In order 

To what to accomplish his intentions, he marched with a 

place did he ^ 

march' chosen band to Cataraqui. Hearing that the 

Where did deputies and hostages to conclude the treaty were 

wait for the to pass down the St. Lawrence, he proceeded 

Iroquois ? 

onwards, and laid wait for them just above the 
Cascades, about thirty miles from Montreal. Here 

What was ' 

the result? he killed, or captured them, as they landed from 
What did he their canoes. He then informed those whom he had 
prisoners r made prisoners, that this had been done at the com- 
mand of the governor, who had pretended to him, 
thai they were a party coming to plunder the French 
settlements. He seemed to be quite shocked at 
TTnder what l^^ving been seduced into such an act of treachery, 
'ht^defain"^ and seut them all home, except one, whom he 
one of the jUgp^- u^^igp pretenco of replacing one of his warriors 

Iroquois? it 1 to 

whom he had lost at the Cascades. He then 

What did lie i n/i i i -i v • i 

do with the returned to Michihmackinac, where, dehvering the 

luiforlunale ^ . i •-. i i i 

man ? Unfortunate prisoner to the French commander, he 
so represented matter ?as to induce him to put him to 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 83 

death. His next step was to set at liberty an old ^/^^ '",'{ Jj 
Iroquois, who had witnessed the execution. " Go," iibeny i 
said he, " return to your country, and spend the re- sa/^tollhif ? 
mainder of your days in peace. Relate to the tribes wiiai mes. 
the barbarous conduct of the French, who, while send to u!L 
they are amusing your nation with offers of peace, 
seize every opportunity of robbing and murdering 
them, and tell them that all my entreaties could not 
save the life of one man, whom I took from your 
tribe, and adopted to replace the warrior I lost at the 
Cascades." This masterpiece of dissimulation had Had this 
the desired euect. The Iroquois, mstead of com- tended 
ing, as Denonville expected, to conclude a treaty, ^ ' 
landed on the island of Montreal to the number of ^''^ Iroquois 

land ? and 

twelve hundred, and laid it waste with fire, killing what devaa- 

° tation did 

a thousand of the colonists, and carrying off two tiiey com. 
hundred prisoners. After spreading devastation „,^ 

>■ ID What was 

over the whole island, they embarked in their ^i«rt;suii? 
canoes, having lost only thirty of their warriors. 

6. The war on both sides was, at this time, i^^ what 

manner was 

carried on with the greatest barbarity. The French the war 
gave, for every human scalp, the sum of forty livres, wnatissaki 
and the Iroquois rushed on the French with such French ? 
suddenness, that the war whoop of the victor, and iroquois i' 
the death shriek of the vanquished, were heard 
almost at the same moment. The English, at Give an ac- 
Albany, were so much alarmed, that they prepared '''^Engnlh'"' 
to abandon the country, but, at this crisis, the new ^"'^"'*^«- 
England colonies came to a mutual understanding, 
and formed a coalition for self-defence. 

7. The state of affairs in Canada appeared alto- — ofthp 

11 mi /• /- -IT ainiiia ill 

gether desperate. Iho fort of Niagara had been Canada? 
razed by the Indians,— fort Frontenac was blown "gara^ 
up, and abandoned by the French,— and two shins, ,.- «f ''or' 

■^ ' ^ ' Frontenac ? 



S4f 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



^oJntoftwo ^^^^ ^'®''® ^^"^^^ ^^^ ^h® purpose of navigating lake 
ships ? Ontario, were burnt, to prevent them from falling 
threatened into the hands of the Iroquois. War, famine, and 
the colony ? disease seemed as if combined for the utter des- 
truction of the colony, 
necSs^Jy 4* ^' ^^ ^^'^^ extremity, it was judged necessary to 
^^^h?ad^ ?^ place at the head of affairs, an officer possessing 
affairs ? energy of character ana address in dealing with 
In whom the natives. These qualities were found united in 

were these '■ 

qualities the Count de Frontenac, who, during his former 

round unit- ° 

«fi? administration, had made himself both beloved 
and feared by the Indians. 

'^'^^ V. Second Administration of M. de Fron- 

Whom did TENAC, 1689.— I. The count brought out with him 

Frontenac ' '^ 

bring with the captive chiefs, whom Denonville had so unjustly 

What is said scized. So fascinating were his manners, that he 

ac's'^man-' Completely gained their favour ; Oureonhar6, the 

^^^ principal one, remaining, ever after, most strongly 

What hepes attached to him. All the chiefs, indeed, had so great 

tertain?" a regard for him, that he entertained hopes of con- 

Whom did ciliating the Iroquois without much difficulty. With 

theiroquois' this view, he sent a deputy of that nation with four 

and for what /-i • ^- x a. u- a 

purpose? of his captive countrymen, to announce nis return, 
What mes- and his wish to resume amicable relations. Oure- 
^sfntlby^ onhar6 transmitted a message, requesting them to 
har6 ?" Send an embassy to their " ancient father", from 
whom they would experience much tenderness and 
esteem. 
Give an ae- 2. The Iroquois council sent back the same 
their" deputies, with six belts, intimating their resolution, 
What*did ^hich was expressed in lofty and bitter terms. 
they choose Choosing to cousidor " Oninthio" one and the 

to consider ° 

oniuthio ? same, though they knew that Frontenac was not 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 



85 



the offending person, they complained, " That his 
rods of correction had been too sharp and cutting ; 
that the roots of the tree of peace, which he had 
planted at Fort Frontenac, liad ])een withered by- 
blood, and the ground liad been polluted." They 
demanded atonement for these injuries, and that 
Oureonhare, with his captive companions, should 
be sent back, previous to the liberation of the 
French prisoners. Oninthio would then be at 
liberty, they said, to plant again the tree of liberty, 
but not in the same place. 

3. Two circumstances emboldened the Iroquois 
to take so high a tone at this period. The first was, 
that, in consequence of the revolution in England, 
the cause of James II. was warmly embraced by 
the French, and the two kingdoms were at open 
war. On this account, the Indians could depend 
upon the cordial co-operation of the English. The 
second was, that they were engaged in a treaty 
with the Ottawas, for a better market for their 
furs. 

4. Frontenac, finding his attempts at negociation 
fruitless, resolved to act with such vigour, as. to 
humble the Iroquois. He therefore collected his 
allies, and divided them amongst his regular troops, 
and several English settlements were surprised and 
pillaged — Schenectady, the frontier town of New 
York, was attacked by a party of one hundred 
French, and a number of Indians ; the fort and 
every house was pillaged and burnt, and all the 
horrors of Indian warfare let loose upon the inha- 
bitants. The English accounts say that sixty-three 
men, women and children, were massacred in cold 
blood. 



What did 
they com- 
plain off 



What did 

they 
demand 



What did 
they say of 
Oninthio "r 



Why did the 
Iroquois 
assume so 
lofty a tone? 
Mention the 
first cause r 



What was 
the conse- 
quence 1 
Mention the 
second 
reason ? 



J 690 

How did 

Frontenac 

resolve to 

act? 

Give an ac- 
count of his 
measures ? 



— of the 
attack on 
Schenec- 
tady ? 



What do the 
English ac- 
counts say ? 



H 



86 COLONIAL HISTORT. 

What was ^' ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^"^ detachments, to 

his next convey to Montreal, the furs, which had been 

Was this stored at Michilimackinac This they effected, 

effected ? ^^^^ ^ j^^gg party, who attempted to attack them, 

What is said was Completely defeated. Notwithstanding these 

Iroquois ? successes, the Iroquois maintained the same hosti- 

— of the lity and haughtiness. The old allies of the French, 

nations 1 seeing them resume their former energy, determined 

Repeat the to prefer them to the English. The Ottawas 

made by the owned that they had made some progress in a 

negociation with the English, but, that as soon as 

they heard of the return of " their ancient father," 

What was ^^^y had broken it off. The Hurons denied having 

^Hurons^^ entered into any treaty, which could detach them 

from their " beloved Oninthio." 

To what 6. The attention of Frontenac was called, in the 

^the^atteir-*^ autumn of this year, from the Indians to the Eng- 

Fion<enac hsh, who bad determined to strike a blow, which, 

directed ? ^^^V hoped, would deprive the French of all their 

By whom possessious in America. This was a plan of attack 

this plan ou Canada, which was carried out by the English 

colonists, at an expense of ^15,000, It was two- 

the plan of fold I first, by land, and inland navigation on the 

southern frontier, and second, by a fleet sent from 

Boston to attack Quebec. 

Was the ar- '7. The squadron, under the command of Sir 

^7qu,id'rin^ William Phipps, appeared as far up the river as 

expected? Ta(]ousac, before the alarm reached Quetec. 

How did Frontenac immediately hastened to strengthen the 

Frontenac jgfences of the place, which consisted o{ rude 

provide lor i- ' 

the defence embankments of timber and earth, and to put it 

of Q,uebec ? ^ ^ ^ 

into as good condition, as it was possible for him 
to do in so short a time. 
When did 8. On the 16th of October, the squadron, con- 

the squad- 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 



87 



sisting of thirty-four vessels of different descriptions, 'aJBeau^ 

advanced as far as Beaiiport. Sir William Phipps y^\°^^^l^^ 

immediately sent a flag of truce on shore, to sum- ^^^^^'^J^^ 
mon the town to surrender. This was gallantly Was it 

_, „ , accepted? 

rejected by Frontenac. That officer, who was a where did 
man of great pride, lived at the time in the castle of VeSf?**" 
St. Louis, amidst all the splendour he could possibly 
surround himself with. Being resolved to astonish "^^^g^J,fj^/'^ 
the English officer, who was sent on shore with ^JJ^^^^ 
the flag; of truce, he caused him to be met by a the officer 

& ' -^ met ? 

French major, who placed a bandage over his eyes, 

and conducted him a very circuitous route to the 

castle. Every delusion was practised, to make him what was 

believe that he was in the midst of a numerous upo^n Mm ? 

garrison. On arriving at the castle, the bandage in whose 

was removed, and he found himself in the presence ^^^^e^n^^'^ 

of the governor general, the intendant^ the bishop, J^imseif ? 

and a large staff of French officers in full uniform, 

who were clustered together in the middle of the 

hall. With the greatest self-possession, the young ^j^^^ ^^^ 

officer presented to Frontenac, a summons to sur- *|\® ^^"'^,'f*^* 

■i- ' the English 

render in the name of William and Mary, king and officer? 
queen of England. Frontenac gave a most spirited Whom did 

. b f Frontenac 

answer, refusing to acknowledge any king of Eng- refuse to 
land but James II. The Enghshman wished to ledge? 

, , . ; . . „ ., What did 

nave his answer m writing, r rontenac peremptorily the Eugiish- 
retused, saymg " 1 am going to answer your master quest i and 
by the cannon's mouth. He shall be taught that Frontenac'^s 
this is not the manner in which a person of my 
rank ought to be summoned." The bandage being in what 
replaced, the officer was conducted, with the same iTe^cSmiucu 
mysteries, to his boat, and was no sooner on board ,1'!'^^*^'^ 

' ' What oc- 

the admiral's vessel, than the batteries began to , ^""^^ . 

' ® afterwards % 

play upon the fleet. 



88 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



1690 
Where did 
the English 
land ? and 
what recep- 
tion did they 
meet ? 

Describe the 
bombard- 
ment ? 

What were 

the vessels 

compelled 

to do 1 

What took 
place on the 

i9th? 

Give an ac- 
count of the 
battle of the 
20th ? 

When did 
they return 
to Boston *? 



With what 

was this 

expedition 

attended ? 



Why did 

not the 

expedition 

against 

Montreal 

take place ? 

What did 

this enable 

Frontenac 

to do ? 



9. On the 18th, fifteen hundred English troops 
landed near the river St. Charles, but not without 
sustaining great loss from the constant fire kept up 
by the French from amongst the rocks and bushes. 
Four of the largest vessels were anchored oppo- 
site the town, and commenced a bombardment ; 
but the fire from the batteries was directed with 
such eftect, as to compel them to remove up the 
river beyond Gape Diamond. A sharp skii-mish 
took place on the 19th, and on the 20th, an action 
was fought, in which the French made a gallant 
stand, and compelled the English to retreat to Beau- 
port, leaving their cannon and ammunition. Two 
days after, they re-embarked and returned to 
Boston. 

10. Owing to the bad management of Sir Wil- 
liam Phipps, this expedition was attended with 
great loss of life, seven or eight of his vessels being 
wrecked in the St. Lawrence. The expedition 
against Montreal did not take place at the appoint- 
ed time, owing to a want of- concert between the 
parties, and Frontenac was thus enabled to concen- 
trate all his strength, and oppose the plans of the 
English with vigilance and success. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 89 

CHAPTER VI. 

DIVISIONS. 

/. CantinuatioTi, of the Administration of M. de FrontenaCf What are 

1691. — //. Adminstration of M. de CaiUieres, 1698. — of Chapter 
///. Administration of M. de Vaudreuil, 1703. VI. 

1. Continuation OF THE Administration OF jssj 
M. DE Frontenac, 1691. — 1. During the year Whatissaid 
1691, the Iroquois^ with their Enghsh and native Iroquois? 
allies, advanced along the river Sorel, or Richelieu, 

to attack Montreal. De CaiUieres, a very able By whom 

officer, then held the comnnand of that city. He treai com- 

had assembled nearly eight hundred Indians, in what troops 

addition to, his own countrymen, and the assailants, assembled? 

after a very sharp cx)ntest, were obliged to retreat, ^was^he*^ 

They burnt, thirty houses and barns, and carried oive^an ac- 

off several prisoners, whom they put to the most thdr"crud- 
cruel torture. ^'®^'' 

2. At length, however, M. de Frontenac, by the what did 
unremitting vigour of his measures, secured the de- at^eng^tS^se 
fence of the colony so far, that, in 1692, the in- ^^cofonisiB^r 
habitants were enabled to cultivate their lands, and 

the fur trade was renewed and carried on with, 
considerable advantage. 

° . 1 694 

3. In the beginning of 1694?, the Iroquois made What or^r- 

r rp r. 1 'A turesdidthe 

overtures ot peace. Iwo Onondagoes arrived at Iroquois 

Montreal, and asked the governor if certain who arrived 

, ,. , ^L . ,, , . at Montreal? 

deputies, who were on their way, would be receiv- 
ed. Though they were answered in the affirmative. Did they 
several months elapsed before they appeared. They qu^iuy ? 

wert well received, and brought several belts with the'yr^e/v- 

ihem, one of which expressed the most friendly what'is saiu, 

H2 



90 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

of the belts'? disposition, and solicited the restoration of the fort 

]694 at Cataraqui. 

c(J^panie"d ^* ^" *^^®'^ return home,Oureonhare accompanied 

* Who^'",-?-^' ^^^^' When he came back, he brought with him 

turned with several persons of distinction, who had been long 

hare? held in captivity by the Indians. Thoiio;h the first 

What IS said i J J o 

of the belts? belts brought by the deputies was friendly, the others 

were obscure, and all attempts to obtain an explan- 

What seem- ation were fruitless. All that was contemplated, 

contempiat- merely seemed to be "to suspend the hatchet." 

,. , ' The Count rejected all the belts except one, declar- 

How did '' ^ 

Frontenac ing that unless more friendly sentiments were 
entertained, he could not long suspend the threa- 
tened blow. 

What did he 5. Unwilling to come to an open rupture with a 

endeavour , , , , , , , 

to gain 1 people who could muster three thousand warriors, 

Give an ac- ^® cndcavoured to gain time. In the meanwhile, he 

'^'^^oceed ''^ re-established the fort at Cataraqui, and strengthened 

ingsi the outposts, intending in the summer to commence 

more active measures 

Into what 6. At length, in June, 1696, all the forces tliat 
the French could be mustercd at Cataraqui marched into the 

march 7 cautou of Onondago. On reaching a lake, they 
th?/I^cei'le fo^ud. Suspended from a tree, two bundles of rushes, 

?ro"rn^t.he which intimated that fourteen hundred and thirty- 

Indians ■? f^^p warnors were waiting; to engage them. They 

Did they j /• j 

proceed? sailed across the lake immediately, and formed 

themselves, in regular order of battle, expecting to 

Describe the engage their enemies. De Caillieres commanded 

battiei the left wing, the Chevalier de Vaudreuil, the right ; 

Did the and De Frontenac, then seventy-six years of age, 

tions ap." was Carried in the centre in an elbow chair. The 

wiiatlssaid Five Nations, however, did not appear, and their 

^ cipaTfo"- principal fortress was found reduced to ashes. It 

tress 1 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 



91 



soon, indeed, became evident, that the Indians had' ^^^I^'J.^j.^p" 

determined to let them march through their country evident? 
unmolested. 

7. The Oneidas sent deputies to Frontenac, but ^'"^ ^ron- 

' tenac no- 

he would accept nothing short of unconditional cept the 

^ ° _ overtures of 

surrender. De Vaudreuil marched into their coun- tiieOneidas? 

Wliomarch- 

trv, and laid it waste, it had been determined to edintotiuir 

territory? 

treat the Cayugas in the same manner, but the why do the 

Count returned rather suddenly to Montreal, for ters"cenrure 

which the French writers severely censure him. ^''^"^cnac? 

He might, it is thought, have completely humbled t'houoiu he 

the Iroquois at this time. He could not, however, (JJn^j'at^lbh* 

be prevailed upon to destroy the canton of the Goyo- -^^ify"^^,/ j^g 

quins (or Cayugas)5of which his friend Oureonhar6 return ? 
was chief. 

8. The shameful manner in which the Indian whntpaye 

the Indians 

allies of the French were treated, with regard to J«st cause of 
their chief source of wealth, the fur trade, gave 
continual cause of complaints and discontent. 

This traffic was carried on by an adventurous but By whom 

. was this 

desperate race, called " coureurs de dots. It was traffic car- 

a strict monopoly, the merchants fittmg out the whaiissai<i 
coureurs with canoes and merchandize, and reaping °ficV'anl/of^ 

profits so ample, that furs to the value of 8000 aris'^ingfrim 

crowns were procured by Frencli goods worth '^ ' 
1000 crowns- 

9. As soon as the Indians found out the true Didthsin- 
value of their commodities, they made leud and miiio this? 
incessant complaints. In order to conciliate them, What was 
it was proposed that they should bring their own 

furs, and dispose of them at Montreal. The 

governor, however, and the other members of the jection was 

administration, objected, that this would bring the "This? 
Indian allies, from the retirement of their forests, 



92 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

into the immediate neighbourhood of the Five 

What was Nations, and of the British ; and they dreaded that, 

while the profits of the fur trade would be lost, 

a general confederation of the tribes might be 

,g37 effected. 

Tf thVlro-^^ 10. In the meantime, the Iroquois continued the 

En^Hslf? ^'^^ ^^^^ vigour, though both they and the English 

Through began to wish for peace. Negociations were, 

whom were ° r e> ? 

negocia- howevcr, entered into with them, through Oureon- 

tions enter- -^ ' P 

ed into? hare, in whom Frontenac placed great and deserved 

What re- ' 16 

tarded Confidence, but his sudden death at Quebec retarded 

them? 1 mi 

How was them. Their success was, however, secured by 

tli6ir sue* 

cess secur- the treaty of peace signed at Ryswick, September 
12th, 1697, and the English and French governors 
mutually entered into arrangements for maintaining 

What effect harmony among the Indians. The anxious desire 

manifested by both nations to secure the friendship 

of the Iroquois, flattered that bold and deceitful 

people, and gave them an exalted opinion of 

, ^^'\^ themselves. The object of both the French and 

should have J 

been the ob- (he English should have been to diminish their 

jectofboth ° 

nations ? power, but this rather tended to increase their con- 
sequence and conceit. 
When did n, SooH after the conclusion of peace, Louis 

Fronleuac 

die^ Count de Frontenac died in the seventy-eighth year 
of his age, upwards of twenty of which he had spent 

Whatittsaid jn Canada. His great personal abilities preserved this 
colony to FVance, and always secured to him the 
confidence of the king, the respect of his officers, 

Where was and the esteem of the Indians. He was buried in 

he buned ? 

the RecoUet church at Quebec, which formerly 

stood near the site of the present English cathedral. 

only memo! The only memorial of him now to be found in th ■ 

now°to*^bT city, is in the street which was called, from h j 

Quebec"? family name, Buade street. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 93 

II. Administration of D.!. de Caillie^res, '^^^ 
1698.— 1. Frontenac was succeeded by De Cail- ^^'.^^f *^' 
lieres, who had been for some time governor of Jn'c^ceedea ? 
Montreal. He administered the affairs of the colony How did he 
with more steadmess and prudence, and witli equal a^""s""^^nd 
vigour and address, and, in 1700, effectsd a general ""^'^^j^ect^'''** 
pacification amongst the Indian tribes. Upon the y/hat trans- 
exchange of prisoners which took })lac8 at this exchange oc 
period, a most surprising ami mortifying fact tran- ^'"^'^ 
spired. The natives eagerly sought their homes; v/h;it:ssaid 
the greater part of the French captives, however, natives ? 
were found to have contracted such an attachment French i 
to the wild freedom of the woods, that neither the 
commands of the king, nor the entreaties of their 
friends, could induce them to quit their Indian 
associates. 

2. Peace had scarcely been concluded between ^-' ^^'»f>'" 

J was the new 

the savage tribes, when it was broken bv their p«acc 

o y « broken? 

civilized neighbours. The succession of Philip of „,J^°^., 

° ^ What ihd 

Anjou to the throne of Spain, gave rise to a long the succe>^- 

and eventful war between France and Spain. It rjiiiiiigive 

- rise to 't 

was begun by Louis XIV., with every prorpect of Ey whom 

giving law to all Europe. Instead of this, the i.e-iun ■? 

, . - TiiT 11 1 1 n • V/haiissaid 

exploits of our great Marlborough and Piincje ofMari- 

Eugene, and the fields of Blenheim and Eamihes ' prilice 

reduced him to the lowest condition, and at one ^' ' 

time seemed to place his throne in peril. The ^y]^^^ was 

French colonists were t'uis left to their own ^^l^l^^llct*-' 

resources, while England conceived the bold design v/hat d. - 

, sign WMS 

of uniting within her territory, the v/hole of North fomud i>y 

. *=* "^ England ? 

America. 

2. The lamented death of De Cailheres, it^ able whatissairi 

governor, placed Canada in a critical state, and ^'H'' 
endangered the French power in the colony. 



^^ COLONIAI.. HISTORY. 

III. Administration of M. de Vaudreuil, 

oldeVT^a'id 1*703.— 1. The Count de Vaiidreiiil, who succeed- 

'^'^^a ^a*^ ^^ ^^' P^'^ved himself worthy of his high office, and 

P"^''<^, for several years managed to prevent the colonists 

from being molested, and to cherish the trade and 

luto what cultivation of the country. In 1708, he carried 

eountry did ^ •' 

Ue carry his warlike Operations into the British frontier settle- 

warlike 

operations ? ments, having previously negociated for the neutra- 
lity of the Iroquois, who were flattered by being 
What was treated as an independent power. Little success, 
the result? ho^^yer, attended these operations, and he was 
soon compelled again to resume a defensive 
position. 
How was a 2. The cruol persecutions of the Protestants in 
an^imo'shy France> caused, at this time, a religious animosity 
ejigender€(. ^^ ^^ added to the hatred entertained towards 
What effect ^^® French. This unfortunately encouraged a 
had this ? spirit of discord amongst the colonists themselves, 
whatissaid ^ People, like the New Knglanders, who had 
■^*'ni?ai)dersi themselves but just escaped from persecution, 
could not look with indifference upon their perse- 

- of some cuted French Protestant brethren. Some of the 
lish roion- P^^'sons in power amongst them, however, did not 

power? sympathize in this sentiment, and estrangement 
from each other, and opposition to authority 
encreased daily. 

— of the 3. During all the changes which took place irt 
iroquois? ^1^^ colonies, it is surprising how the Iroquois con- 

jn what trived to preserve their neutrality. The situation of 

w™r*e"they ^^^^'* country between the French and English 

.io°hi*s^?Vnd possessions contributed to this neutrality, as they 

what habits had it in their power to gain information on both. 

were foster- i^ ^ 

«d in them? gjdes. The court that was paid to them by both 
powers, probably fostered in them habits of dis-j 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 



95 



simulation. When the English called the Five Na- 
tions to assist them against the French, they showed 
the greatest unwillingness. They alleged, that <'vvhen 
they concluded a treaty, they intended to keep it, 
but that the Europeans seemed to enter into such 
engagements, solely for the purpose of breaking 
them j" and one old chief, with the rude freedom 
of his country, intimated that " the nations were 
l>oth drunk." 

4. In 1709, a person of the name of Vetch laid 
])efore the court of Queen Anne, a plan for the 
conquest of Canada, and was supplied with 
authority and resources, suppossed to be sufficient 
for its accomplishment. The English forces which 
had been destined for the St. Lawrence, were, 
however, required in Portugal ; and thus the 
Marquis de Vaudreuil had time to make better 
preparations for defence. 

5. The British, in the meantime, had occupied 
Lakes George and Champlain, and erected forts. 
But the Iroquois treacherously deceived them, and 
attempted to poison the water they drank. They 
immediately abandoned the enterprise, and returned 
to New York, after burning their canoes, and redu- 
cing their forts to ashes. 

6. Canada now enjoyed a short interval of 
repose, though it was understood that the English 
were making active preparations for a fresh expedi- 
tion, and were sparing no pains to secure the co- 
operation of the Five Nations. At this time, the 
French were engaged in a desperate struggle with 
an Indian nation, called the Outagamis, or Foxes. 
These people, who dwelt in the upper territorj', were 
at last reduced to the necessity of humbly soliciting 



What spirit 

did the Five 

Nations 

evince? 

What did 
they say ? 



Repeat the 
sayings of 

an old 

chief r 



iro9 

What plan 

was now 

proposed t 



How was it 
defeated r 



What did 

this enable 

Vaudreuil 

to dol 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
pjoceedinga 
of the Bri- 
tish? and 
of the Iro- 
quois ? 
M'^hat wa«i 
the result? 



1710 

What is said 

of the 

English? 



With whom 

were the 

French at 

war I 

To what 
state were 
they re<lu- 
oc<l ^ 



96 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



What was 
the issue ? 



terms of peace, but the French were persuaded by 
their savage auxiliaries, to push matters to the last 
extremity, and this unfortunate tribe was nearly 
exterminated. 
What took 7. A combined land and sea expedition against 

place in ^ ^ 

Txr,'""-. Canada took place in 1711. This expedition was 

What be.el ^ ^ 

the fleet ? shamefully managed, and the British fleet, owing 
to tempestuous weather, and ignorance of the coast, 
met with so many disasters that it was obliged to 

^e^sTeiS^na return to Boston. They lost at the Seven Islands, 

^'^^loseT^^ near the mouth of the river St. Lawrence, in one 
day, eight vessels, and eighthundred and eighty-four 
officers, soldiers and seamen. 

Name the 8. Tlis restoration of peace between France and 

conditions 

of the peace England, by the treaty of Utrecht, took place in 

of Utrecht -,<-»! i-i-n • i /^ 

in 1713? 1713, by winch 1 ranee retamed Canada, but ceded 

Acadia and Newfoundland, and made over to Great 

Britain all her claims to the sovereignty of the Five 

What effect Nations. This once more left the colony an inter- 
had this up- ^ "^ 
on Canada ? yal of rest, which lasted ten years, during which 

her trade and resources were greatly increased. 

What mea- The Ivlarquis de Vaudreuil availed himself of the 

sures were /^ . r4-\ 

taken by tf:s peace, to Strengthen the fortifications of Quebec and 

Marquis-? „,',.. ^ , .,. 

Montreal, the trammg oi the military, amounting to 

5000 in a population of 25,000, was carefully 

For what attended to, and barracks were constructed. An 

assessment was levied on the inhabitants for the 

su})port of the troops and the erection of fortifica- 

v/hatissaid tioiis. During the remainder of M. de Vaudreuil's 

ministration administration, which was terminated by his death 

Vaudrouii? i^ 1725, the ])rovince ])rospered under liis vigilant, 

firm and just government, 
who^visit^ed 9. Charlevoix, a French traveller, visited Canada 
t^histfme''? i" l'^20 and 1721, and gives a most interesting 



purpose was 
an assess- 
ment levied: 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 97 



1720 
What does 



description of the country. Quebec then contain- 
ed aI)out seven thousan 1 inhalntants, both the 'l? ^^J ^{ 

' Quebec ? 

Upper and lower t<iwns were Imilt, and the view from 

the summit of the rock, when the shores should be 

cultiv^ate-l, he nisticipate-l could not be equalled. 

The society was extremely agreeable, and the — oftheso- 
ri i . -mi fieiy, Ian- 
French language spokoi in its greatest puritj'-. The jjua^t, and 

... ^ 11111 1 iioMesse 1 

military oliicers, and tJie .noblesse, liowever, under 

this gay exterior, concealed great poverty. They — nfiueir 

• 1 II t • n 1- 1 • 1 1 1 > opinion of 

considered tnnttJieir bnglish neighbours knew belter theEngiisn? 
how to accnmulate wealth then they did, but 
were quite ignorant how to enjoy it, whilst they 
understood thoroughly the n\ost elegant and agree- 
able modes of spending it. The only employment —of the 
suited to their tnste was the fur trade, and little ^^^*^"<^^- 
fortunes were occasionally made, but they were in to what 
such haste to expend these in pleasure and display, compare 
that he compares them to little hillocks of sand in tJ^rtuil'"--^ 
the deserts of Africa, which rise "and disappear 
almost at the same instant. 

10. The patioit and laborious pursuits of agricul- Whatissaid 

® of agricul- 

ture had, at this time, drawn little attention : the ^^^^ '■ 

. . — ofthetim- 

lumber trade was yet m its infancr : and the ber trade? 

r* 1 1 I -1 I I 1 " — of the ab- 

absence oi gold and silver had always caused New senceofgoid 

■n .1 1 J r-i- .t ' ' ™„ •'O'l silver"? 

J* ranee to be regarded as ot little importance. The How wert 
coasts of tlie St. Lawrence were already laid out lafdmTt ?* 
in seigneuries, and tolerably cultivated. On the Wh.^redid 
river Becnncour, dwelt a baron bearing the title hfgilway 
of that river, and hoKUng the office of inspec- '"'^nctor? 
tor of highways, though he lived almost in a 
desert. Three Rivers was an agreeable place, con- wi.atissaid 
taining about eight hundred inhabitants j the iron Ri?er7? 
mines had not yet been worked, though they had 
been for some time discovered. 

I 



i 



98 'COLONIAL HISTORY. 

TAhedfsl''* 11. Coasting along the southern shore of Lake 

^FranciaV ^** ^^^^^9 ^6 made particular observations on the 

district of St. Francis, where, though the land was 

of excellent quality, he found the farmers few and 

blaSty^^f Poo^* ^^ *h® beauty of the island and city of 

^Mont^e^al?*^ Montreal, he speaks in terms of great admiration, 

— of the as indeed most subsequent visitors have done. He 

population 1 . i . i i 

makes no estimate oi the population, but we know, 
from other sources, that in 1720 it did not exceed 
three thousand, though both the upper and lower 
parts of the town bad been built, and a suburb had 

— of the ^^" commenced. The neighbouring villagets of 
ludians ; Sault St. Louis and Montmagny were inhabited by 

friendly Indians, who served as barriers against 
their more savage countrymen. 
How did he 12. Above Montreal, only detached stations for 

reach Lake . '' 

Ontario:- defence and trade existed, and he passed with hi» 

suite, through the rapids, to Lake Ontario, in 

What is said Indian canoes. At fort Catara qui, now Kingston, 

ofKingaton? , . , . . , ... ^ , 

his descnption gives no intimation ol the existence 
How was of cultivation or settlement. His voyage along the 

his vovfl"^^ 

performed'"? southcm shore, performed in slender canoes, ob- 
liged him to follow every winding, and often to 
sail many miles out of the direct way. 

What river 13. At length, he reached the river Niagara, 

didheenterl , , , • i i • i i 

and came to a cottage which was inhabited by 
Whom did the Sieur de Joncaire. Here he found several 
th^ere"? officers of rank, and a few soldiers, but apparently 
little cultivation. 
What is said 14,. Charlevoix, of course, visited the Falls, 
which must have been somewhat different then, 
than they now are, if we may trust to the represen- 
tation given of them by Father Hennepin, who 
was there about twenty years before Charlevoix. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 99 

This sketch represents a projecting rock upon the fife\"j^tven 
west, or Canadian side of the river, which turned ^emie^Yn > 
a part of the water upon the main fall. Nothing p^gg j,,|g 
of this kind now exists, therefore a change must ^*^" ^^'^^ ^ 
have taken place, but of what amount, no monu- 
ments remain to point out. The general opinion what is the 
is, that they have receded considerably, and this opinion ? 
opinion is borne out by Professor Lyell, and the 
principal geologists of Canada and the United States. 

15. The Indians carried the canoes of the part}- How were 

1 • T_ 1 -n 11 *^^ canoes 

from the river below, to the river above the Falls, conveyed to 

the river 

and after viewing these amazing cataracts with above the 
great delight, they embarked and proceeded to Lake 

Erie. Charlevoix speaks of the climate with rap- what does 

ture, and says that, as he sailed along the Canadian say of the 

shore, he found " water clear as the purest foun- and'of the 

tain, abundance of game, and a beautiful landscape, ^''"""'^ 
bounded by the noblest forests in the world." 

16. Five days sail along these lovely shores, what place 
brought him to Detroit. He regarded this as the and how^did 
most beautiful and fruitful part of all Canada. A ^^ ^^^^^ 

1 r-/* 1 /• What is said 

French fort had been erected fiiteen years before, of the 

, . 1 • 1 1 1 1 1 • French forti 

but vai;ijous untov^^ard accidents had reduced it to 

almost nothing. Then he proceeded to Michilli- where did 

mackinae, near the adjoining Lakes, Huron, Michi- ^^ ***^° s** ' 

gan, and Superior. He does not appear to have what is said 

visited Lake Superior, which has indeed been, till superior? 

lately, very little known — now, however, it 

attracts the attention of the whole continent, vast 

mines of the richest copper having been recently 

found, both on the Canadian and United States' 

shores. Like the other places mentioned in his —of Michii- 

-_. , . limackinac'r 

voyage, Micnilhmackinac was a mere fort, sur- 
rounded by an Indian village. It appears, indeed, 



100 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



In what 

state was 

the whole 

country 

above 
Montreal 
in 1721 f 



from his whole description, that, above Montreal, 
there was nothing at this time which could be 
called a colon}'-. 



CHAPTER VIL 



DIVISIONS. 



What are 
the divi- 
sions ct 
Chapter 

vin 



/. Administration of the Mmrquis de Beauharnois, 1726. — 
IL Administration of M. de Galissoniere, 1747, — M. de 
Jonquiere, 1749, — and temporarily of the Buron de 
LongueuiL — III. Administration of M. du Quesne, 1752. 
— IV. Administration of M. de Vaudreuil, 1755. 



What is said 
of the death 
oftaie Mar- 
quis de 
Vaudreuil ? 
By whom 
^vas he 
succeeded ? 
Whatissaid 
of his ad- 
ministra- 
tion ? 



How long 
did Beau- 

harnois con- 
tinue in 
power ' 

What did he 
plan ? 

What forts 
did he erect? 



For what 
purpose? 



1. Administration of M. de Beauharnois, 
1726.— 1. The death of the Marquis de Vaudreuil 
in 1725 was deservedly lamented by the Canadians. 
Re was succeeded in 1726 by the Marquis de 
Beauharnois. His ambitious administration ex- 
cited greatly the alarm of the English colonists of 
New York and New England. 

2- Beauharnois continue ! in power twenty \'ears, 
and diligently employed himself in pn'moting the 
interests of the colony. He planned an enterprise 
to cross America to the South Sea, which did not 
succeed. He erected also the important fort at 
Crown Point, on Lake Champlain, with several 
other forts at different places for the purpose of 
keeping the English within the Alleghany moun- 
tains, and preventing their approach to the lakes. 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 101 

the St. Lawrence, the Mississippi, and their tribu- 
tary streams. j^^, 
S. The war between Great Britain and France Give an ac- 

count of the 

led to the reduction, in 1745, of Cape Breton, by reduction of 

' ' ^ . ' '' CapeBre- 

a British naval and military force, assisted by the ton? 
provincial troops of the New England colonies. 

The successful battle of Fontenoy in Europe, how- JJthe^baft^e 

ever, roused the martial spirit of the Canadians, to ofFonten- 

^ r ■' oy? and 

attempt the re-conquest of Nova Scotia in 1746 what did tke 

'■ ^ Canadians 

and 1747,in which they failed, and the treaty of Aix attempt ? 

la Chapelle, in 1748, suspended furtlier hostilities. j^^^ 

4. Commissioners were then appointed to settle ^°'* '^^^^ 

^r purpose 

a boundary line between the British and French were com- 

•' missioners 

territories in North America. The Canadian appointed ? 

WhatissHid 

government immediately proceeded to survey the of the 

projected line of demarcation, with a great display govem- 

/• -1 1 T- ment i . 

of nulitary pomp, calculated to impress, on the 
minds of the Indians, the idea that France would 
assert her right to the limits marked. Leaden Give an ac- 
plates, bearing the arms of France, were sunk at their pro- 
such distances upon this line, as the Canadian '"^^ ' 
governor, in his liberality, pleased to assign to Eng- 
land, and the whole ceremony w^as conducted with 
much formality. Such an imprudent step seriously what effect 
alarmed the Indians, and terminated in their active ipon^he 
co-operation with the English for the utter expul-, ^"*'*»"« • 
sion of the French from North America. 

5. About this time, a royal edict directed that what myai 

. edict was 

no country houses should be built, but on farms of passed ? 

one acre and a half in front and forty back. This 

law had the effect of confining the population had this 

edict ' 

along the banks of the river, and the whole shore 
from Quebec to Montreal was soon settled with 

WJiat 

cultivated farms. A favourable change took plac^ change tooii 

I 2 



102 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



^'luMrLVe? ^^^ ^" *^^ ^"^' trade— a more liberal and equitable 
What was System appears to have been adopted. A large 

opened at "^ , .V -, ii/r , n • ,- 

Montreal? annual lair was opened at Montreal, under judici- 
ous regulations, and it became the general centre 
of this traffic. 



Who suc- 
ceeded 

Beauhar- 
nois ? 

By whom 

was De 

Galissoniere 

loJlowed ? 



II. Administration of the Count de Galis- 
soniere, 1747. — 1. The Count de Galissoniere, a 
nobleman of great acquirements, had succeeded M. 
de Beauharnois, in 1747. He was superseded by 
by the Sieur de Jonquiere in 1749, who was suc- 
ceeded temporarily by the Baron de Longueuil, 
until the arrival of the Marquis du Quesne, as 
governor general. 



What sys- 
tem did Du 

Quesne 
carry on ? 



Where did 
erect a fort ? 



What was 

done by the 

British ? 



What re- 
markable 
man com- 
manded the 
garrison 1 



By whom 
was he met? 

What orders 

did M. de 

Jumonville 

issue 1 

How was 
this mandate 
answered ? 



III. Administration of the Marquis du 
Quesne, 1752. — 1. Du Quesne appears, more 
openly than any other governor, to have carried on 
the system of encroaching on the British colonies. 
So far did he proceed, that the fort at Pittsburg, 
bearing his name, was erected within the confines 
of Virginia. 

2. The British immediately erected another in 
the immediate vicinity, which they quaintly termed 
Necessity, and a garrison was dispatched from 
Virginia, under the command of George Washington, 
whose name afterwards became so illustrious, and 
who then held a lieutenant colonel's commission 
in the British army. Washington, on his march to 
assume the command of fort Necessity, was met 
by a party from fort Du Quesne under M. de 
Jumonville, who peremptorily forbad the English 
to proceed further. The mandate was answered by 
a burst of indignation, and a volley of musquetry, 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 103 

which killed Jumonville and several of his men. 

The French at fort du Quesne, however, quickly tre'relulf? 

commenced offensive hostilities, invested Necessity, 

and obliged Washington to capitulate. ^.^^ 

3. A great alarm was now spread through the Whatgener- 

° J ° al conven- 

English settlements, and a plan of common defence t»fn }\^^ 

° ^ lield 3 

was brought forward, in a convention held at 

Albany in July, 1754'. At this meeting Benjamin What was 

-r, . 1 proposed ? 

Frankhn proposed a general union of the Colonies 

to resist the French. Though not then acted upon, Ofuhatwas 

this document was the basis of the federal union tuaiiy the 

subsequently formed for the overthrow of the 

British dominion in the present United States. 

4. England was, at this time, preparing for an For what 
open war with France, which the ambition of land now 
Frederick of Prussia, and the state of Europe soon P''^p*""» 
rendered general. A strong fleet, with troops was What is said 
dispatched from France to re-inforce Quebec ; an French 

fleet ? 

English fleet pursued it, but succeeded in capturing — of an 
only two frigates, with the engineers and troops on iie°ei i 
board, on the banks of Newfoundland. 



IV. Administration of the Sieur de Vau- ''^'^^ 
DREUiL, 1755. — 1. The Marquis du Quesne having was Du 

Q.U6sn6 suc- 

resigned, was succeeded by the Sieur de Vaudreuil, ceeded ? 
the last French governor in Canada. This admin- How did his 
istration was auspiciously opened by the defeat of tion open ? 
the brave but rash General Braddock, iin one of 
the defiles of the Alleghany mountains. Braddock, what did 
unaccustomed to Indian warfare, neglected every refuse^to^do? 
precaution of scouts and outposts, and refused to 
make proper preparations for meeting the French 
and their Indian allies. When the British had what en- 
entered a gorge, where retreat was impossible, they 



104 COLONIAL HISTORV. 

poiired upon them, from their ambusacde, a deadly 

fire, under which numbers of the unfortunate 

What was Soldiers fell. Braddock himself was killed, and the 

Braddock t remainder of the army was saved only by the in- 

was th^ trepidity of Colonel George Washington, who now 

of^tJie^afmy ^^^ the first time distinguished himself, and won 

saved ? ^^^^ ^^le laurols he had lost at fort Necessity. 

How did 2. These troops having afterwards joined the 

Ihese troops • • i i* t r\ i t u t 

distinguish provmcial lorce, under benerals Johnson, Lyman, 

e \ei. . ^^j Shirley, repulsed an attack made by the French* 

Whither did Under Baron Dreskien. After a battle of four hour.-? 

retreat?^ duration, the French retreated to Crown Point, with- 

the loss of one thousand men, and the capture of 

their leader, who was severely wounded. 

Whatissaid 3. This succcss restored the drooping spirits of 

of this sue- ^ ° ^ 

cess ^ the British army, and these battles helped to train 
What effect the colonists for those contests, which they were to 

had these . i i i i • i i 

battles 1 wage With thoso very men, by whose side they 
now fought hand to hand against . the French. 
ofWashing- Little did Washington then contemplate the destiny 
that awaited him. 

I 7.^6 

Who .'was 4. France, now fully aware of the importance 

now seut 

outtocana. of Canada, sent out a chosen body of troops under 

da with 1 /. 1 1 . 1 Ti/r 

troops? the command of the gallant and experienced Mar- 

What did he quis de Moutcalm. He obtained a series of sue-. 

cesses, terminating in the reduction of the impor- 

]«r tant British forts of Oswego, and fort Edward near. 

count^o" the Lake George. This victory was stained by the 

murdef per- barbarous murder of Hear two thousand English 

^foJ^Ed-' prisoners, by the Indian allies of the French. This 

J^*'^*^!. monstrous deed completely roused the indignation 

did this of the Enghsh, and led to those mighty preparations, 

which finally destroyed the power of France in 

America, 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 105 

5. As some compensation for these losses — the ^h^^B^—ir 
fortified and garrisoned town of Louisburor, in the troops siu- 
island of Cape Breton, was taken in the njost gallant 
manner by the English army under General 
Amherst, and Brigadier General Woife, the future 

conqueror of Canada. In 1758, fort Frontenac What forts 

were cap- 
near Kingston, and fort Du Quesne near the Ohio tured .- 

river, were captured by the colonists. 

6. The campaign of 1759, was opened with a the cajn- 

1 /» 1 • 1 • 1 111 paifrn ofir/ig 

plan ot combmed operations by sea, and Jand. openeui 
Canada was to be invaded at three different points.bv r^Zr^IT 
generals of hip;h talent. The commander in chief, ^®Jr'r''i'V' 

Ob ' What did 

General Amherst, undertook the reduction of the pf^^^eraj 

' Amlierst 

forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga. He was undertake? 
to cross Lake Champlain, and, proceeding alcngthe „ 

^ ' ' ^ ° *= Kow was he 

Richelieu, was to reach the St. Lawronce, and t^-" ^^ p^o- 
ioin the other army bef»re Quebec. The force By whom 

•' , *' was the 

destined to proceed by sea to Quebec, was und^r fon-.e destin- 

r^ , ^ ed ."or O^iie- 

the command of the horoic General Wolfe ; and t>£c ?mn. 
Lreneral rrideaux, with another arrrLy, and a large wiiatwas 
body of friendly Indians under Sir William Johnson, nrGenfrat" 

1 1 T /• XT' Prldt-nux ? 

was appomted to reduce the lort at JNiagara. 

7. Wolfe's array, amounting to about eight thou- what is said 
sand men, was conveyed to the vicinity of Quebec anny ? *" 
by a fleet of vessels of war and transports, and 

landed in two divisions on the i.sland of Orleans, on 
the 27th of Jutie. The Marquis de Monlcalni — ornifprr- 
made vigorcus preparations icr rtelendmg Qiiel)ec. mnde b> 
His arnned force consisted of al)out thirteen thou- 

Desciibc his 

sandmen, of whom, six battallions were regulars, force? 
and the remainder well disciplined Canadian militia, 
with some cavalry and Indians. He ranged these 
forces from the river St. Charles, to the Falls of heraTijje 



Montmorency, with the view of opposing the 
landing of the British. 



them f 



106 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



Where did 

Wolfs make 

his first 

attenipl ' 

and with 

what result? 

What did he 

send to 
England? 



Give an ac- 
count of his 
prospects r 



What ap- 
peared 
above the 
city? 

What be- 
low? 

Wherr liid 
ehe fleet lie? 



What is said 
of Wolfe ? 



What pro- 
posal was 
made 1 



Was it ar^ 
jceeded to 1 



How did he 
net mean- 
while ? 



On what 
Bide of the 
St. Law- 
rence did 
the troops 
land ? 



8. Wolfe first attempted the entrenchment at 
Montmorency, landing his troops undercover of the 
fire from the ships of war, but he was gallantly- 
repulsed by the French. In consequence of this 
repulse, he sent dispatches to England, stating, that 
he had doubts of being able to reduce Quebec 
during that campaign. His prospects indeed were 
not encouraging, — the great stronghold kept up an 
incessant fire from its almost inaccessible position, 
bristling with guns, defended by a superior force, 
and inhabited by a hostile population. Above the 
city, steep banks rendered landing almost impossi- 
ble ; below, the country for eight miles, was em- 
barrassed by two rivers, many redoubts, and watch- 
ful Indians. A part of the fleet lay above the 
town, the remainder in the north channel, be- 
tween the island of Orleans and Montmorency. 

9. Soon after this repulse, however, Wolfe roused 
his brave and vigorous spirit, and called a council of 
war. He proposed, it is generally said at the insti- 
gation of his second in command, general Town- 
send, to gain the heights of Abraham behind and 
above the city, com.manding the weakest part of 
the fortress. The council acceded to this daring 
proposal, and their heroic commander commenced 
his preparations. Meanwhile, he made such 
active demonstrations against Montcalm's position, 
that the French still believed it to be his main 
object. 

10. On the 1 1th of September, the greater part of 
the troops landed, and marched up the south shore 
opposite Quebec, — forded the river Etchemin — 
and embarked on board the men of war and 
transports which lay above the town. On the 12tb, 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. l07 

the ships of war sailed nine miles up the river, to jo''f,^*onTh8 
Cap Rouge. This feint deceived Montcalm, and he u-^'fj,-, 
detached de Bourgainville, who with his army of succeed i 
reserve, proceeded still farther up the river to pre- 
vent the English from landing. During the night, How did the 

° ° o o ^ troops des- 

tlie English troops dropped silently down the river, cend the 
with the current, in boats, and at four o'clock in the 
morning began to land. 

11. It is surprising how the troops contrived to Whatissur- 
land, as the French had posted sentries along the this event i 
shore, to challenge boats and give the alarm. The 

first boat was questioned, when Captain Donald of captain' 
M'Donald, one of Frazer's Highlanders, who was "ruse^de* 
perfectly w^ell acquainted with the French language suture 
and customs, answered to " Qui vit .?" which is 
their challenge, the word " La France^'' — when the 
sentinel demanded " A quel regiment V the captain 
replied, " Be la Reine,^^ which he knew by ac- 
cident to be one of those commanded by De Bour- 
gainville. The soldier took it for granted that it )y*'**',f'*^ 

^ ° the soldier 

was an expected convoy, and saying " Passe,''^ the think wa« 
boats proceeded without further question. One of what quea- 
the sentries, more wary than the rest, running down of the^e^n"-^ 
to the water's edge called out, *^ Pourquoi est ce 
que vous ne parle plus hautV^ to which the cap- 
tain answered in a soft tone of voice " Tais tot. 'Repeat the 

' answer? 

nous serons eniendu.^^ Thus cautioned, the sentrv ,„ 

•^ Where did 

retired, and the boats proceeded without further al- '^e boHts 
tercation, and landed at the spot now celebrated 
as '• Wolfe's Cove." 

12. General Wolfe was one of the first on shore, What re- 
and on seeing the difficulty of ascending the preci- woife 
pice, observed familiarly to Captain McDonald " I 
don't believe there is any possibility of getting up, 



inake 



JOS C0L02S1AL HISTORY. 

^^oVthe*^^ but you must do your endeavour." Indeed the 
precipice? precipice here was so steep, that there seemed 
„ ., no possibility of scaling it, but the Highlanders, 

overcome ? grasping the bushes which grew on its face, ascended 

the woody ];recipice with courage and dexterity. 

^^"£^ They dislodged a small body of troops that defend- 

H(!w fiVthe ^^' '^ narrow pathway up tJie bank ; and a few 

general Hit? nioi'e mounting, the general drew up the j*est in 

Whath::.ahe oi..];^^. as they arrived. With great exertion thev 

lo behold I reached the summit, and in a short time, Wolfe had 

liis whole army drawn up in i-egular order on the 

plains above. 
What w!is 13. j\lontcalm struck with this unexpected 

Moiucalm's 

conciusioa ? movement, concluded, that unless Wolfe could be 
driven from this position Que!)ec was lost. Hoping 
probably that only a detachment had as yet reached 
count ofhis it, he lost his usual })rudence and forbearance, and 
^higTl ' finding that his opponent had gained so much by 
hazarding all, he with an infatuation for wiiich it is 
ditiicult to account, resolved to meet the Britisli 
army. 
What error 14<. He cTossed the St. Charles on the l3th, 
commit 1 sallying fortli from a strong forti-e.ss, without field 
artillery — without even waiting the return of 
h^asty but^ Bourgainvillc who with t\vo thousand men, fonned 
Itu'cil'i a corps of observation, — before he could oncen- 
trate his forces, advanced with haste and precipita- 
tion, and commenced a most gallant attack, when 
within about two hundred and fifty yards of the 
How did the English line. The English moved forward regularly, 
English _^ firing steadily, until within thirty or forty yards of 
the French, when they gave a general volley which 
Whatartii- did great execution. The English had only a 
'^poslies??^^ slight cannon, which the sailors had dragged up the 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 109 

heights with ropes. The sabre, therefore, and the ^4^^(18^ 
bayonet decided the day. The agile Scotch whalfsiaifi 
Highlaftders, with their stout claymores, served the °^^5de^l^''' 
pui*poses of cavalry, and the steady fire of the 
English Fusileers compensated, in some degree, for 
the want of artillery. 

15. The heroism of Montcalm was as conspi- whatissaid 

ofMontcalm 

cuous- as that of his illustrious opponent, — both and Woife ? 

headed their men, — both rushed with eagerness 

where the battle raged most fiercely. Often by — ofxheir 

° J J prowess % 

their personal prowess and example did tiiey 

■change the fortune of the moment. Both were ~ of their 

° ^ wounds ? 

repeatedly wounded, but still fought on with en- 
thusiasm. And, at last, both these gallant com- —of their 
manders fell mortally wounded, whilst advancing 
to the last deadly charge at the head of their res- 
pective columns. 

^ J 756 

16. Wdlfe was first wounded in the wrist. He where was 

Wolfe first 

immediately wrapped a handkerchief round his wounded? 
arm, and, putting himself at the head of his grena- 
diers, led them on to the charge. He was then where did 

he receive 

struck with a second ball, but still pressed on, the fatal 

, . , . , ^ . blow? 

when, just as the enemy were about to give way, 

he received a third ball in the breast artd groin, 

and sank. When they raised him from the ground, what effort 

he tried with his faint hand to clear the death-mist make^'? 

from his eyes. He could not see how the battle 

went, and was sinking to the earth, when the cry, 

*' They run!" " They run !" arrasted his fleeting Repeat his 

• •. ,r THTi_ /144 1 1 I 1 . , last conver- 

spirit. '^ Who run 1" asked the dying hero. " The sation and 
French," replied his supporter, " they give way woJaf ;- 
everywhere." " What !" said he, " do they run 
already 1 now God be praised, — I die happy ;" and 
so saying, the youthful victor breathed his last. 

K 



110 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

^J^t.VL^*-^'^ Such was the death of Wolfe, at the early age o( 

of Wolfe r 7 J b 

thirty-five, when but few men begin even to appear 

on the theatre o{ great events. 
iHcedVn ^^' There is a small monument on the place of 
wherThe ^^^ death, with the date, and this inscription, 
died ? ii Here Wolfe died victorious." He was too pre- 

Where waa i 

he buried ■? cious to be left even on the field of his glory ;— Eng- 
land, jealous of his ashes, laid them with his 
father's in Greenwich, the town in which he was 
Howwds born. The news of these events reached Britain 

the news re- 

c^ived^in \j^i forty-eight hours later than the first discourag- 
ing despatch, and spread universal joy for the great 
Whatrejoic. victorv, and sorrow for its price. Throughout 

ings took -'^ ^ ® 

place? broad England were illuminations and songs of 
one country triumph ; one countiy village was, however, silent 
village deli- ^jjj g^jj) — there Wolfo's widowcd mother mourned 

catelyleftm ' 

quietude? ^er Only son. 

Describe his 1^' Wolfe IS described as of a handsome and 

person 1 pobust person, with fair complexion and sandy hair, 

possessing a countenance calm, resolute, and beam- 

„. ing with intelligence. He wag to have been married. 

Give an ac- & o 7 

count of his q^ j^jg return from Quebec, to a most amiable and 

intended ■' 

mom^did accomplished young lady. Six years after his 
she marry? death, she became the wife of the last Duke of 

and when ' 

did she die ? Boltou, and died in 1809. A very interesting and 

Where IS his ' "^ ° 

monument beautiful monument is erected to the memory of 

erected 1 "^ 

Wolfe in Westminster Abbey. 
Whatissaid ^^* The chivalrous Montcalm also died nobly. 
*'cafm"*' When his wounds were pronounced mortal, he 
expressed his thankfulness that he should dife 
Give an in- before the surrender of Quebec. On being visited 
'^humanTty ^ by the Commander of the garrison, M. de Ramzay, 
for his men? ^^^ j^y ^j^g Commandant De Roussellon, he en- 
treated them to endeavour to secure the retreat of 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH, 111 

the army beyond Cap Rouge. On De Ramzay's "^p^.g'^;;;^*^^ 
pressing to receive his commands, he refused to "'g''* '• 
interfere, and addressed himself to his religious 
duties, passing the rest of the night with the bishop 
and his confessor. 

20. Before he died, he paid the victorious army Repeat the 

„. . 1 , compliment 

this magnanimous compliment, " Since it has been paid to the 

my misfortune to be discomfited and mortally wound- uoops by 

ed, it is a great satisfaction to me to be vanquished 

by so brave and generous an enemy." Almost Mention oue 

his last act was to write a letter, recommending the *^ acts V^ 

French prisoners to the generosity of their victors. 

He died at five o'clock on the morning of the 14<th when did 

° he die 1 

of September, and was buried in an excavation, where was 
made by the bursting of a shell within the precincts 
of the Ursuline convent. 

21. The battle had scarcely closed before Bour- what is said 
gainville appeared in sight ; but the fate of Canada ° ^^^^^ ^ 
was decided, the critical moment was gone. He whither did 
retired to Pointe aux Trembles, where he en- vn^eretire"? 
camped, and thence he retreated to Three Rivers and 
Montreal. Had all the French forces been concen- what is said 
trated under Montcalm, it is doubtful if the heroism ^^^^\ 

' French 

of the British troops could have secured the victory forces ? 
— so great was the valour displayed. On the 17th ,„^ 

° ^ •' What was 

a flag of truce came out of the city, and on the effected on 

*= •" the 18th? 

18th a capitulation was effected on honourable onwhat 
terms to the French, who were not made prisoners, ^^^"^^ ' 
but conveyed home to their own country. General who then 
Murray then assumed the command. command'^ 

22. It is universally conceded that the Scotch what is said 
Highlanders contributed greatly to the success of sco/ch 
the enterprise. The French had formed the most lanlfers ? 
frightful and absurd notions of the « Sauvages oYideL^'ha'^d 



112 COLONIAL HISTORT* 

?omed"of *i'Ecosse," as they called them. They believetf 

wh^"d^i ^^^^ ^^^^ would neither give nor take quarter.; 

they believe? that they were so nimble, that, as no man could 

catch them, so nobody could escape them ; that 

no one had a chance against their broad swords j 

and that, with a ferocity natural to savages, they 

made no prisoners-, sparing neither man, woman^ 

nor child. 

What is said 23. Well was Great Britain rewarded at Que- 

Britain? bcc for the wiso measure she bad adopted of em- 

Of whom ploying the Highland clans. They were composed 

clans com- of somo of the bravcst and uoblcst of men. They 

Why were lay under the imputation of disloyalty from having 

they thought ' • i /^i i o • i in. 

aisioyai ? taken part with Charles Stuart m the rebellion of 

1745 J. but gladly entered into the British service^ 
of them? and embraced the opportunity of proving their 

attachment to the more moderate and grateful 

To whom house of Brunswick. The command of thesar 

command of forces was given to officers chosen from amongst 

^i?ven ?^ the most esteemed Scottish families ; a hardy and 

Ihe conse- i>^trepid raco of men was thus drawn into the 

quence r army, who served the crown with fidelity, fought 

with valour, and conquered for England in every 

part of the world. 

Who com- 24. The battalion at Quebec was commanded 

SaUon^at by the Honourable Simon Fraser, son of that Lord 

Quebec ? Lovat who was beheaded for high treason. Eigh* 

Ofhow ° *=> ' 

many men hundred of the men belonged to his own estate, 

did it con- i-i i ^ !• iiiii 

sist ? and SIX hundred and sixty were added by the gentle- 
men of the country around ; so that the battalion, 
commanded by " the Master of Lovat," consisted of 
Describe fourteen hundred and sixty men. They formed-a 
their dress? splendid body, wore the full Highland costume, 
winter and summer, even in this rigorous climate 5 



CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. 113 

their arms were the musket and broad sword, Describe 

' their arms 1 

whilst many wore the dirk. In all their move- ^y whom 

•' were they 

ments they werp attended by their chaplain, accompanu 
the Rev. Robert Macpherson. The temperance whatim- 
and moderation of their behaviour soon overcame ^[hey^pro-* 
prejudice, and produced everywhere a favourable "'^^^ 
impression as to "the sons of the mountain." 

25. The capture of Quebec maybe said to have ^^s^aiS^of 
decided the fate of the French dominion in Cana- ofQ^eci 
da. In a short time General Amherst, with his what sue- 
large force, reduced the strong forts of Ticon- oen^erais 
deroga and Crown Point ; and General Prideaux, ^T£iJT 
aided by Sir William Johnson and his Indians, 

took Niagara. 

26. We have dwelt on this memorable period Why has 
of our history at more length than usual, because in'our^his- 
we wish every child in Canada to know how our enlarged" 
dominion here was won, and why it is, that the "^°° " 
flag of " dear old England" now floats over the 

walls of Quebec. 



K2 



114. 



COLONIAL HISTORT. 



PART III. 

CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 

COLONIAL HISTORY EXTENDING FROM THE CONQ.UEST 

OF QUEBEC, 1759, TO THE UNION OF THE 

PROVINCES OF UPPER AND LOWER 

CANADA, 1840, A PERIOD OF 

EIGHTY-ONE YEARS. 



CHAPTER I. 
DIVISIONS. 



What are J. History, from the Conquest of Quebec, 1759, to the 
^''^^f'iws"* treaty of Paris, 1763.— J/. From the Treaty of Paris, 

Chapter? 1763, to the Declaration of Independence of the United 
States, 1774. — III. From the Declaration of Independence, 
1774, to the Declaration of War, 1812. 

^''""^ I. General History from the Conqijest 

OF Quebec, J759, to the Treaty of Paris, 

herofiliha- ^'763. — At the time when Canada came into the 

Canada a^*^ possession of the British, the population amounted 

"^he'Sfn-^ to 65.000 persons. They consisted chiefly of 

Descdbe cultivatoi-Sj a frugal, industrious, and moral race, 

them 1 and a noblesse, who, though poor, were very 

What is said much respected. There was besides a considerable 

Indians? body of Indians, who were converted to the 

Roman Catholic faith, 
-of the 2. The terms in favour of the French residents 

British 

govern- were faithfully, and even liberally, fulfilled by the 
British government. Civil and religious liberty 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. *1^ 

was granted to the Canadians, and great forbear* gramed To 
ance and generosity were displayed by the cap- ^^ffifnsT" 
tors to the conquered. Unfortunately, however, JfJ'ojJjpfa^nt 
all offices were confined to British subjects. These "^^^^V'' 
then consisted of military men and traders, many 9^,^.^*'^^ 

- / ^ j1j(J these 

of \^hom were ill fitted for so important a station, consist t 
They showed too often a bigoted spirit and a con- What spirit 

*' " ^ , did these 

temptuous disposition towards the old inhabitants, officers 
including the noblesse, 

° 1760 

3. General Murray, who had succeeded to the How did 
command, notwithstanding this feeling on the Murray act? 
part of the British officials, strenuously protected 
the Canadians, without regard to the complaints 
made against him to the ministry at home ; and 
by this impartial conduct gained their confidence. 
For sometime after the capitulation the people in what 

11 -i- -111 manner 

were governed by mihtary tribunals ; but, soon were the 

after the conclusion of the peace, which left governed? 

to France no trace of power in North America, 

new courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction were What new 

estabUshed, in which the laws of England were instituted? 

introduced. 

^. The Canadians were so gratified with the Howdidtho 

1 1-11 . , . . 1 Canadians 

change which they experienced m commg under evince their 
the British rule, that, when George II. died towards tiie British ? 
the end of the year 1760, all the French in Canada 
of any distinction went into mourning. Though Wbatissaid 

-' ^ ^ oi George 

the conquest of Canada was accomplished during n. ? 
his reign, yet so uncertain is life that he only lived 
to hear of this great accession to his empire. In 

, .. — of his 

the midst of the hearty rejoicings of the people, he death ? 
was suddenly seized with illness, and expired in the 
77th year of his age. 

5. His Majesty George III. had the gratification who nrst 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



116 

^hlmlfe of^ ^^ receiving the homage of his new subjects* The 

^^^difrfsT' Chevalier Ghaussegros de Lery- and his lady were 

^Tsl'te/Ihl *^® ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ Canadian subjects that had the 

Geor^'e m t ^^^^^^ ^^ being presented at court. The young 

^i**'* and gallant monarch, on receiving Madame de Lery, 

speech was » ^ &> •' ' 

made by the ^vho was a verv beautiful woman, observed to her, 

king to - ' 

Madame de « If q\\ the ladies of Canada are as handsome as 

Ler J' ? 

yourself, I have indeed made a conquest." 
Whatissaid 6. In the month of April the French army, 

of De Levi? ^ "^ 

which had been collected in the neighbourhood of 
Montreal under the command of the Chevaher de 
Levi, marched towards Quebec for the purpose of 

Give an ac- attacking and regaining it. A battle was fought in 

battle? the vicinity on the 27th, and after a furious contest 

for two hours, General Murray, being overpowered 

by numbers, was obhged to return to the city 

Whatissaid with the loss of One thousand men. If this general 

Murray? was guilty of any rashness in leaving his fortified 

position, he amply atoned for it by the vigour with 

whiclihe placed Quebec in a state of defence, and 

held out against all opponents until the 15th of 

What then May, when a fleet with troops under Admiral 

Swanton arrived just in time to save the city, and 

compelled De Levi to retire with precipitation to 

Montreal. 

What 7. Vaudreuil, the governor of Montreal, finding 

course did . . . , i • , 

Vaudreuil the danger imminent, determined to take his last 

stand on behalf of French dominion in this city, and 

for this purpose he called in all his detachments, 

thus concentrating his remaining strength. He, 

count of the moreover, enlarged the fortifications for the defence 

mentis 1 of the town, and converted sloops into armed vessels. 

Who ad- 8. In the meantime. General Murray, with a€ 

^*Suebec"™ many troops as could be spared from Quebec, 



I 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 



m 



advanced towards the point of attack. General ^,i7r?ctTon* 

Amherst, with the arnny from Oswego, approached ^^^|n5hp°g[^^ 

in an opposite direction, both armies taking post approach? 

near the city in one day. Colonel Haviland, with Coionei 

a strong detachment, lay on the south shore of the stationed? 

St. Lawrence opposite to Montreal. Thus De g-luaUon 

Vaudreuil found himself completely surrounded, Jjgu^^"^i 

and almost compelled to surrender. himself :- 

9. On the 8th of September, he signed the capitu- what is said 
lation, by which Montreal and the whole of Canada tuiation : 
were transferred to British dominion. A few days Whither 
afterwards the French troops were sent down to Frencii 
Quebec, and thence to France, not to serve again """"p*^^" 
during the war. Thus was the last decisive act in in what 

f /^ 1 r 1 • 1 /• • manner was 

the conquest of Canada performed without finng this 

^1 , r . , -..^ performetlr 

a gun, or the loss of a smgle Jile. 

10. Vaudreuil obtained the most liberal stipula- whatsiipu- 
tions for the good treatment of the people he had vaudreuii 
previously commanded, particularly for the free ^'''^^" 
exercise of the Roman Cathohc faith, and the pre- 
servation of the property belonging to the religious 
communities. He even demanded that the bishop What dief 
should continue to be appointed by the French Was Inis 
monarch ; but this, of course, was refused. The When was 
possession of Canada, as well as of all the adjoining quest 'con- 
countries, was confirmed to Britain by the treaty of '^'"*'* ' 
Paris, signed, on the 10th of May, 1763. ,7G3 

11. While the negociations, which issued in this ^rred"/^' 
treaty , were pending, it seems that the murmurs of the ^''^"^^^ • 
French people, who did not like the idea of relin- 
quishing Canada, reached the throne. The king 
immediately sent for his sagacious minister, the ^^"'^ 
Due de Choiseul, to remonstrate with him on the 
subject. That wily statesman advised the monarch 



For whom 
did Louis 



What did 



118 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

^idvi^e"? ^^ allow England to retain peaceable possession of 
What re- Canada. He remarked that, if the English had as 
"* make*? '^^ much vvisdom as they ought to have, they would al- 
what did he most pay the French a subsidy to retain it ; and he 
prop lesy prophesied that the New England States, from the 
deep rooted abhorrence which they entertained to- 
wards monarchical government, would assert their 
independence as soon as a foreign enemy was 
w^stiu« removed from their neighbourhood. This predic- 
verifiedT ^^*^" ^^s too soon Verified in the conduct of the 
British colonists in North America. 

II. From the Treaty of Parts, 1763, 

1-6S.4 TQ rpHE Declaration of Independence by 

THE United States op America, 1774. — 

S ""d ^f " 1. The population, from the time of the conquest, 

conquest of increased rapidly by the influx of British settlers. 

Canada by i j j 

Che British? Trade with England was encouraged, and the 
capabilities of the country were more extensivelv 

What did ^ . 

the Cana- explored I and the Canadians now indeed began to 

dians begin . ,., i i i i /• i , 

to enjoy? cnjoy a hberty they had never before tasted, and a 
degree of prosperity which made them almost forget 

ofM. Bigot? the shock they had sustained by the conduct ofM. 
Bigot, the financier of the king of France, who 
had, by his peculation, almost ruined the mercantile 
portion of the colonists. 

whaiissaid o^ xhi* iutendant, as he was called, had the 

of the ^ 

finances ? entire management of the finances of the colony in 
What did he his hands, and took advantage of a paper currency, 
vantage of? which had been faithfully redeemed for upwards of 

thirty years, and enjoyed unlimited credit to con- 

For what ceal his peculations. This paper currency had 

^'his'pape'r been given as payment for the expenses of the 

"'pasJedT" civil and military establishments, and passed freely, 

so that everything required by the French govern- 



Canada under the British. 119 

ment could be procured with it. Suddenly, how- ^^^^^3^/^,^^ 
ever, whilst the English were capturing the coun- French 

' ° . monarch 

try by force of arms, the French monarch, as if guiity ' 
resolved upon destroying the commerce and pros- 
pects of his subjects, refused to pay the bills of 
exchange passed by Bigot. By this act he in vol- Who werr 
ved in ruin not only all who possessed these bills, ruin by uiis 
but all who possessed any paper currency. This to wiiat 

, . • 1 . .1 • r sum did this 

amounted, at the period, to the immense sum ol currency 
£4?,000,000 sterling. The only compensation re- ■^y^aTcom- 
ceived for this large sum was four per cent, on the pensaiion 

° ^ vraa receiv- 

original value. ^^ '■ 

. 1765 

3. During this year Montreal suffered from a what caia- 
dreadful fire, which broke out in the house of one StidMou^ 
Livingston, and was occasioned by hot ashes being ^^^^^ ' 
carried into the garret to make soap. The want y^^jj^t caus- 
of engines, and the prevalence of a very high gpr*e^aci*?*and 
wind, were favourable to the spreading of the ^^stoppedT 
conflagration, which was only stopped at last by 
pulling down a part of the Hopitale des Soeurs in 
Notre Dame Street. One hundred and eight houses 
were destroyed, and two hundred and fifteen 
families reduced to the greatest distress. This was „ , 

° Relate tiir 

in the lower town : but, three years afterwards, Pii|iJciiiars 

, of the second 

another fire broke out in the upper or western part ^^"^ ^ 
of the town, which raged with incredible fury, 
until it had consumed ninety houses, two churches, 
and a large charity-school. Nothing could What relief 
exceed the kindness displayed towards the sufferers ; ^^ed u?ihe" 
a considerable sum was raised in England, and ^^^^^^^''^' 
sent to their relief, but many were reduced to great 
poverty, notwithstanding all the eflbrts made to aid wiiat wa. 
them. The population of Montreal was at this IlonSfMon 
time about seven thousand. ^'period ^('" 



120 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

What 4, In order to conciliate the Canadians, the 

change in ' 

the law was English civil law, which had at first been intro- 

introduced 

at this timei duced amongst them,was changed for the " Coutume 

de Paris,^^ the ancient system to which they had 

What other t>een SO long accustomed. The French language 

changes I, ^^^^ ^jg^ directed to be used in the law courts, and 

other changes were made, which could not fail to 

be gratifying to the Canadian people. 

What mo- 5. The momentous period, when the English 

peHod now colonists threw off their allegiance to the Mother 

approached? ^ymrj^^y, rather than submit to be taxed without 

being represented in the^ Imperial Senate, now 

What was approached. The French Canadians, however, 

o( the though pressingly invited to assist, refused. They 

Canadians ? wcre avvarc of the blessings they enjoyed under the 

To what act British government, and willingly submitted even 

subniiu to the Stamp Act, which caused so great a revolt 

amongst their neighbours. 



1774 iii^ From the Declaration of Indepen- 

dence, 1774, TO THE Declaration of War 
When did 1812. — 1. The first Congress of what is now 

the first Con- ° 

gres;5 meet called " The United States," met in Philadelphia, on 
What was the 5th of September, 1774. It is remarkable that 

one of their ^ i • f i- /- -i • ■ i- 

fust objects? one of their nrst objects alter obtammg their own 

Independence was to attempt to seize on the 

country they had assisted England to conquer. It 

purpose was is a singular fact that the money, which it was 

raised which eiideavonrcd to levy upon the New Englanders and 

ruplure ?^ their fellow-colonists, and which in a great measure 

caused the rupture, was for the express purpose of 

defraying the great expenses incurred by England 

in the capture of Canada. 

J 7-5 2. Having resolved to invade Canada, the 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 121 

Americans entered it in the fall of 1775 in two qjanrrfdiii 
directions— by Lake Champlain, and by the sources ^^e Ameri- 

•' r 1 J cans luvadt; 

of the Kennebec River. The first division under ,9ru"*^^- 

what was 

General Montgomery was very successful. Aft^ the success 

^ J J _ of the first 

obtaining possession of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, division ? 
and St. John's, he advanced towards Montreal. His Was iiis 

• 1 11 1-1 1 force consi- 

force was very considerable, while there were derabie? 

but few British soldiers in Canada. General what is said 

Carleton, who succeeded General Murray in the carieto"? 
military command, had been repulsed at Longeuil ; 
so that Montgomery had only to take possession of Mon?go^ 

the city, which he did on the 19th of November. iStre^ar? 

The naval force in the river, and all the miUtary What was 

1 . . 1 1 • > 1 . surrendered 

Stores and provisions, were surrendered into his to him ■? 
hands, and General Prescott, with the volunteers 
and soldiers, became prisoners of war. Finding -vvhat did he 
plenty of woollen cloth in the city, General Mont- Jj"y ^^^li^ 
gomery took the opportunity of new-clothing his ^^ ^yj^j^^ "^^ 
troops, who had suffered much from the severity of ^pp'^ ^^ • 
the weather. 

3. The second division of the American army, When did 
under General Arnold, reached the St. Lawrence dwlsi^on 
on the 9th of November. They had traversed, Lawrence^?' 
with dreadful fatigue, the forests and swamps in their^sufibr- 
the District of Maine, and arrived at Point Levi, op- '°°^ ' 
posite Quebec, worn out and dispirited. Quebec was state'^wa^s 
at this time defenceless : and, had General Arnold SS?fme> 
been able to cross the river, that capital, and with ^^^^ ™^^' 
it the territory of Canada, must have passed into the ^rnoM^h d^ 
hands of the Americans. Fortunately all the crossed the 

"' river ? 

shipping had been removed to the other side, and Whither had 

.,,.,,, the shipping 

it was not until the 144h that he was able to cross "jeen remov- 
ed ? 
over. He landed five hundred men at Wolfe's where did 



122 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

he land his Cove, and waited near that place in the hope of 

men 1 and ^ r r 

for whom being joined by Montgomery from Montreal. 

did he wait? °'' -^ & J 

Where was 4-. General Carleton, the British Governor, was 

Carieton? ^^ this time occupied with his troops near Montreal 

What was in endeavouring to repulse Montgomery. The 

Mont- latter wished to effect a junction with General 

gomery . ^^j^^j^j^ ^l^^^ ^^iej might unitedly attack the fortress. 

What move- Perceiving that the safety of the country depended 

ment did • /• i y^ i mt 

Carieton upon the possossion of Quebec, Carieton effected a 
By whose masterly movement to reach that place. In this 
■ he was assisted by Captain Bouchette, of the Royal 
How was Navy, grand-father of the present Deputy Surveyor 
piishedT' General of Canada, Joseph Bouchette, Esq., who 
conveyed him through the American forces by 
When did night in a canoe with muffled paddles. He arrived 

lie EirrivtJ ? 

at the Citadel of Quebec on the 19th, whilst 

the Americans thought him busily engaged with 

Montgomery near Montreal. 

How was 5. General Carleton's arrival at Quebec was 

^'fi^J™^ hailed with great joy by the Canadians, who vied 

with the oldest British soldiers in preparations for 

What defence. The force under his command amounted 

for'ce^iidhe to Only eighteen hundred men. Not more than 

possess: ^i^pgg hundred and fifty were regulars — of whom 

— ofregu- '' ° 

lars 1 two hundred and thirty were Fraser's Highlanders, 
who had settled in the country, and were re- 
embodied under Colonel M'Lean. The remainder 

— of sailors? 

and militia? were four hundred and fifty seamen, and a gallant 
band composed of Canadian militia and artificers. 

What is said 6. The American generals had r.ow effected a 
American junction of their forces, and summoned the fortress 
What*waa ^^ Surrender, This was at once rejected. After 
the reply ? pushing the sicge during the month of December, 

What was , , *^ ^ ^^ ,, , , 

the deter- Without any prospect of success, Montgomery deter- 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 



123 



rained upon making a night-attack. This intention ^^^j^^^^, °^ 
soon became known to General Carleton, who -^^J^^j^jJ 
made every preparation to defeat the enemy. The ^j^Jfg°fj.°", 
governor, with the officers and gentlemen od duty, ^J^JjP^^" 
took up their quarters for several days at the was taken ? 
Eecollet Convent, where they slept in their clothes. 

7. During this month's siege the American rifle- ^junt^^f^j; 
men kept up an unintermitting fire upon the sentinels, ^^^s^ •' 
and threw from forty to fifty shells every night into 

the city. The inhabitants became so accustomed Whatissaid 

, /'•IT 1 . of the inha- 

to the occurrences ot a siege that they ceased to tants i 
regard them with alarm, all joining cheerfully in 
bearing arms and performing the duty of soldiers. 

8. Two strong parties were formed on 31st what took 

111 place on the 

December — one under Montgomery, the other under aist Dec ? 
Arnold, whose local knowledge of Quebec was 

accurate. They were to advance from opposite What was 

sides and meet at the foot of Mountain Street ; attack: 
then force Prescott Gate and reach the upper town. 

9. The l^esiegers approached the Citadel with ^the[r'^^ 
the most careful silence, aided by the raging of a approach ] 
furious storm. Advancing bv the road which into what 

'^ •' was the 

winds round the face of the rock, the army was army 

^ ' crowded ? 

crowded into the narrow pass which led to the 

gate. Notwithstanding every precaution the con- whatissaid 

fused noise of the approaching troops rose above ^^ orthe^^^ 

the conflict of the elements, and struck the troops ■? 

watchful ear of the outer sentinel, who, receiving 

no answer to his challenge, roused the British 

guard* 

10. The party, who defended the battery, con- who de- 
sisted of Canadian militia, with nine British seamen battery i 
to work the guns. Thev kept a close watch, and, What did 

. , , 'i v .1 theydis- 

as soon as the day broke, discovered the troops cover 'r 



124 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

were^^ven^? "^^^ching in the snow. Orders were given to make 

no movement ; and the Americans, having halted 

at the distance of fifty yards, sent forward an 

^^oVth^*^'^ officer to reconnoitre. On his return the troops 

troops ? marched forward with a quickness and precision 

tT^f ^^s deserving the highest praise. The Enghsh then 

the English? opened a tremendous fire from the artillery which 

What sue- commanded the path : the groans, which succeeded, 

ceeded ] . r > & 3 ? 

plainly revealed the enemy ; and it was not, until 

every sound in answer to their fire had died away, 

that they ceased their cannonade. 

How many 11. The enemy having retired, thirteen bodies 

found] were found in the snow. Montgomery's orderly 

itroughtinto Sergeant, desperately wounded, but yet alive, was 

' raonv f " found and brought into the guard-room. On being 

asked if the General himself had been killed, he 

evaded the question by replying that he had not 

^o*f^him f *^ seen him for sometime. This faithful sergeant died 

How did in about an hour afterwards. It was not ascertain- 

cafie^on^ry ^d that the American general had been killed, until 

"ihefacS" General Carleton, anxious to learn the truth, 

sent to enquire if any of the prisoners would identify 

Who recog- the body. An officer consenting, accompanied 

corpse of the aid-do-camp to the " Presde Ville''* guard, and 

goraery ? pointed out the body, pronouncing over it a glowing 

Who besides eulogium on Montgomery's bravery. His two 

were found . ■, , , . i ,i 

amongst the aids-do-camp were also recognised among the 

dead ? , . 

slain . 

How came 12. This bravc man had fought by the side of 

"Son?- Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham 5 but, marrying an 

embrace the American lady, the daughter of Judge Livingston, 

"^Su'se^" he imbibed the politics of his father-in-law's family, 

and joined the cause of the colonists against the 

Mother Country. The excellence of his qualities 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 125 

and disposition procured him an uncommon share what7B'said 
of private affection and esteem. After his death wh^ereTsLs 
the Continental Congress ordered a magnificent "^^"""*,^V^ 

to s? erected '. 

cenotaph to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's 

Church, New York. Hither his remains were When was 

' las body re- 

removed in 1818 by the desire of his widow, and J^^'^^^ ^^ , 

•' ' New York ? 

with the permission of the then British Governor, 
Sir John Sherbrooke; 

13. In the meantime Arnold, who had been Who took 

tlie com- 

repulsed at the opposite side of the town, took the mand i 

command, and attempted still to maintain his 

ground : but the dispirited state of his men rendered What is said 

f ' ^ , . ^ of Arnold? 

him unable to keep- up more than an imperfect 
blockade at the distance of three miles, which he 
at last abandoned. In the whole attack upon What was 
Quebec the Americans lost about, one hundred thcAmeri- 
killedand wounded and six officers of Arnold's 
division, inclusive of the loss dXPresde Ville. The — oftheBri- 
British had one officer and seventeen men killed and 
wounded. The number of those who surrendered 
was four hundred and twenty-six. 

14. Quebec has been five times assaulted. Firsts How many 
in 1629, when, in the infancy of the colony, it fell Quebecbeea 
into the hands of the English. Secondly, in 1690, First? ' 
after its natural capabilities for defence had been ° ^" 
improved, when it successfully resisted the attack 

of Sir Wm. Phipps. Thirdly, in 1759, when, afte]> Thirdly? 

the battle- of the Plains of Abraham-, it was once 

more won for England by Wolfe. Fourthly, in Fourthyi. 

1760, wheft, having been threatened during the 

winter, it was unsuccessfully besieged by De Levi, 

and lastly, in 1775, when, after it had sustained an- Lastly, 

unsuccessful siege and blockade of six months,, result? 

General Arnold was obliged to abandon his camp 

in despair. 

L2 



126 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

^ri^'J^ 15. In the month of May reinforcements having 

What were -^ ° 

the cana- arrived from Britain under General Burgoyne, the 

(lians ena- ° •' ' 

bled to do in Canadians were enabled to drive the Americans 

17761 

whatdisas- from the provincc. Notwithstanding this, in 1777, 

British in^ General Burgoyne and a great number of British 

troops were obliged to surrender as prisoners of 

war to General Gates and the Republican Army 

What is said at a village near Saratoga. This disaster had an 

of this ? o o 

important bearing upon the events of that period, 
inwhatcon- 16. The army of the ill-fated Burgoyne was the 

dition was i i i 

the army of best equipped and most effective that had entered 

Burgoyne ? n ■, ^ i • i tt i i 

What cans- the field durmg the contest. High hopes were 

ed Its rum ? entertained of its success ; but the insurmountable 

difficulties of the country, the inclement weather, 

and the energy and skill of the opponents, were its 

Whatissaid ^^^^' I'wo successive actions — the first, a victory 

of the two — d^Q second, a defeat — hastened the fate of this 

actions ? ' 

Describe army, which had been harassed by fatigue and 
tioni ' imperfectly supplied. Embarrassed by heavy rains 
and deep roads as well as by the num.ber of the 
wounded, it retreated for three days, and on the 18th 
of September took up its final stand above the 
Whatissaid Fishkile River. To retreat farther was impractica- 
Americans? We. The Americans swarmed on every side in 
— of the overwhelming numbers; supplies failed; water 
^he^arniy "^ could be got only at the price of blood, for the river 
was guarded by the deadly rifle ; whilst every part 
of the camp was exposed to the enemy's cannon 
and the marksman's aim. There was no place of 
safety ; as long as day-light lasted, they were shot 
^jirthey^ down like deer. For six days the spirit of English 
resist? chivalry would not bow ; at length hunger, and 
toil, the deadly sickness and the hopeless struggle, 
could no longer be borne, and they yielded. 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 127 

17. This long war terminated in 17S3,bylhe when was 
independence of all the colonies that had united ^{Jfjt^^f,,^^ 
against Britain. The issue, unfavourable or at ^"V®^ 

° ' stales 

least mortifying to the Mother Country, was attend- -yy^jf^l'i^taifj 
ed with considerable advantage to Canada. This ofthei^ner 

^ How did 

arose from a large body of Loyalists, who expa- this arise ? 

triated themselves from the United State and took 

refuge in her territories. They received liberal How were 

^ -^ they 

grants of land, and laid the foundation of that rewarded? 
prosperity which has since so eminently distin- 
guished Canada West. 

1787 

18. His late Majesty William IV. visited When did 
Canada in 1787, He then commanded the Majesty 

visi I 

Pegasus, of eighty-four guns. He landed at Canada? 
Quebec on the 14th of August, and on the 18th of he land ? 
September made his entrance into Montreal. He pi"ace"dM^he 
was received and entertained with all the honours How^v^as he 
due to his illustrious rank. Having landed and matoccur 
passed some time at Sorel on his return, he sane- '^return^r 
tioned the change of the name to his own VVilham 
Henry j by either of which appellations it is now 
known. 

19. Lord Dorchester, having assumed the govern- what new 
ment in 1786, brought forward, a few years after- governnient 
wards, a plan of government better suited to exist- rdopted^? 
ing circumstances, and intended as nearly as 
possible to resemble the form of the British Consti- 
tution. By this act the colony was divided into How was 

. /» XT 1 -r ^1 *^® colony 

the two Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, divided ? 

and a Legislature was established in each. In vs^hen did 

pursuance of this act the first Provincial Parliament lament 
of Lower Canada met at Quebec on the 17th of 
December, 1792. 

„ 20. General Prescott was appointed Governor in '796 



m$ 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



^Jfolnerai'^ this jTcar, and several Legislative Acts passed for 

^IfofThV the iniprovement of the Province. It was found. 

Land Grant- however, that the Land Granting Department had 

ing Com- ' 6 r 

pany ?, managed to grant to each other large and valuable 
tracts of the Crown Lands, to the injury of vast 
numbers of settlers and emigrants. 

21. The affairs of the Province at this period 



1800 
To whom 

AVere the r^^ n ^ o -n/ri 

affairs of the wcfC entrusted to Sir Robert S. Milnes, as Lieu- 

P ro vincc 

now en- tenant Govemor. In 1803 a decision of the Chief 

trusted ? 
1 803 
What deci- 
sion was 
made with 
regard tb 
slavery ? 
Who was 
sent out in 

1807? 



Justice of Montreal declared slavery inconsistent 
with the laws of the country, and the few in^ 
dividuals in that condition received a grant of 
freedom. Sir James H. Craig was appointed 
Governor General in 1807. The Province still 
vinc?flourI Continued to enjoy peace, and its trade flourished 

^s^^- and 
What differ- **"" 

ences arose? 



1810 
What led to 
the dissolu- 
tion ofPar- 
liamenl? 



increased rapidly. Differences, however, 
unfortunately arose between the Governor and the 
House of Assembly. 

22. In 1810 the resolutions of the House ex- 

peUing the Judges, the pledge of the House to 

pay the civil list, and the expulsion of Judge 

Sewell by vote, led to the dissolution of Parliament. 

Whatgave This, witli the suppression of a French paper, 

offence ? Called " Le Canadien^'* the seizure of its press, and 

the imprisonment of its printer and six others, gave 

What name great offcnce. Some very imaginative persons gave^ 

was given to ° , . . , , t- y , • r vi 

this period' to this period the name ol the '* reign ol terror." 
whe sue- 23. Sir George Prevost succeeded to the admin* 

cccdcd to 

theadminis- istration of Canada, in 1811, as Governor G«neral>s 
When did and in the following year the United States declared • 
States de- war against Great Britain. 

Clare war 

against 

Great B I i- 

tain? 



<3ANADA UNDER THE BRITISH, 12:9 

CHAPTER IL 

©IVISION&. 

i. General History, from the Declaration 'of War, W\2y to What are 
the Peace of 1814 aid 1815.— Z/. Froin the Treaty of ^^^'ocuds""^ 
Peace, 1815, to the Commencement of Disturbances, 1832. Chapter I 
— III. From the Commencement of Disturbances, 1832, 
io the End of the RebelUcm 0/1838. 

I General History, from the Declaration or wJmt 

,__ _ -n. /^ ^ I- period does. 

t>p War, 1812, to the Treaty of Peace, 1815. tuis division 
— 1. The Americans, having declared war against wiiatissaid 
England, determined to invade Canada, where they Americans ^ 
supposed the mass of the people would receive 
them with open arms. Far from this being the Was this 

^ ^ ° the case : 

case, as soon as it was known that war was pro- How did the 

, . - , _ ,. , , - , ... Canadians 

claimed, the Canadians rose with a noble spirit in act? 
defence of their country. Four battalions of Militia Give anac^ 

1 -1 11^ T - -rr 1 • count of the 

were instantly raised, and the Canadian,:] Voltigeurs prepara- 

j 1 • J • xu u 1 /• ^^^^^ made 

were organized and equipped in the short space of to meet 
six weeks by the liberaUty of the young Canadian 
gentry, from among whom they were gallantly 
officered. The new Governor, Sir George Pre vost, What was 
assembled the Legislature ; Government paper, oliorge^PrcI 
bearing interest, and payable in Bills of Exchange why^was 
on England, was substituted for money, to prevent J^^^y l^l~ 
the specie from going to the United States. The ^'m" ney?*^ 
Citadel of Quebec was guarded by inhabitants of ^^^^^^^ 
the town, proud of the duty' and of the confidence guarded » 
reposed in them. Every description of force was 
put into activity ; and our old friends, the Indians, 
now a very different race from those of whom you 
have read in the early wars, came from their forest 
homes, to arm in defence of their country. 



130 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

^o'f upp^r*^ 2. The same feeling was manifested in Upper 
— *of ufe" Ca"^da. This portion of the country is peopled 

population? -^ith British emigrants, and the important body of 
settlers from the Uuited States, of which we have 
already spoken, and which is generally known in 
Canada by the name of the Loyalists or United Em- 

To whom pire LoyaHsts. The government of this Province 

was the ^ "^ ° 

government was entrusted to General Brock, a straight-forward 

confided? . ' , v 

politician, and an able, active, and spirited soldier. 
Whoinvad- 3. In Julv, the American General Hull, with a 

ed Canada ? . /> * /♦ i i i i 

lorce ol twenty-five hundred men, crossed over 
from Detroit, and entered the western district, 
where he issued a proclamation inviting the inhabi- 
Whatissaid tants to join his standard. At this time j the 
*ish force?' British force on the frontier was nearly nominal, 
What force ^nd could offer little resistance. As soon as 
jfnuster? general Brock heard of this invasion, he prorogued 
the Parliament then sitting at Toronto, and pro- 
ceeded westward. He arrived, on the l2th of 
August, at Amherstburg where he mustered about 
three hundred and thirty regulars, and four hundred 
What is said militia, and six hundred Indians. Hull, whose 
force ?^and force, w^eakonod by sickness and sending away 
IJi^mr^e^af?'^ two detachments, is said by this time not to have 
exceeded eight hundred effective men, retreated 
across the river, withdrawing the cannoa pre- 
pared for the sieg'e of Amherstburg, and shut himself 
How did up in Detroit. General Brock, instantly crossing 
°c^eed^( ' over, advanced upon the fort and prepared for an 
What took immediate assault. A white flag, however, appear- 
ed from the walls, and a capitulation was signed, 
by which the whole American force, including 
the detachments, were made prisoners and sent to 
Montreal. Loud and just complaints were made 



place ? 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 131 

by the Americans against the conduct of Hull, who ^"3 conduct 
was afterwards tried and condemned to be shot, but ''f^^^'J^eri'/ 
was spared on account of his age and former can people? 
services. 

4. A few months after the surrender of Hull Where did 

the Ameri- 

the Americans collected a large force on the cans next 

° _ appear .' 

Niagara frontier. On the 13th of October, this where did 
force crossed over into Upper Canada at Queen- ^^^^ cross, 
ston, and overpowered the small detachment 
stationed there. General Brock was then at Fort Give an ac- 

, , , , , count of 

George, lower down the river ; but such was nis General 

1 • 1 • • 11 1 • Brock's 

ardour that, without waiting to collect his troops, conduct? 
he immediately hastened to the spot. Putting him- — ofhia 
self at the head of a small party, which was still 
resisting the enemy, he fell fighting valiantly near 
the spot on which the monument to his memory 
was afterwards erected. For sometime the Ameri- whatissaid 
cans had possession of the heights ; but they were Anrer/ca^nsi 
dislodged, and the greater part made prisoners, by arsio'd^ed 
General Sheaffe who succeeded to the command. ^^^"* • 

5. A temporary truce ensued in this quarter for ^^^^^ 

sometime. It was interrupted by a ridiculous By whom 

, , . , . , was it inter- 

gasconade and imprudent attempt at invasion, on rupted 

the 20th and 28th of November near Fort Erie, by 

the American General Smythe. An equally Where was 

absurd attempt was made, at the same time, by absurd 

the British Naval force on Lake Ontario, against madeV 

Sackett's Harbour, the chief American seaport. 

The severity of the season caused a suspension of what did 

hostilities. An attack, however, was made on of the sea- 

Ogdensburg by Captain M'Donell, who, crossing wL'^made 

the St. Lawrence on the ice, drove out the garrison, on"oV"en8. 

and obtained possession of eleven pieces of cannon, ^"""^^ 

and a considerable quantity of stores. The only 



132 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



What ad- important advantage gained during the winter, was 

vantage did ^ o » d 7 

the British by General Proctor, who, on the 22nd of January, 

gam ? "^ ' ' •" 

took a large number of prisoners, with their General 
Wilkinson, near Detroit. 

6. As soon as the ice disappeared from Lake 
Ontario, the Americans came out of Sackett's 
Harbour with a superior naval force. The plan of 
this compaign was limited to the conquest of 
Upper Canada, which, as it was defended by only 
twenty-one hundred regular troops, was considered 
almost certain. On the 27th of April they landed 
at, and took possession of, York (Toronto), then the 
capital of Upper Canada, destroyed the fort and 
public buildings, and forced General Sheaffe to 
retire towards Kingston. 

7. In less than a month afterwards they drove 
General Vincent from Fort George, at the en- 
trance of the Niagara river, then considered the chief 
military position in the Province. They soon 
Of what did obtained possession of the whole Niagara Frontier, 
then containing a very large proportion of the 
population of Upper Canada, General Vincent 
was obliged to retire to Burlington Heights, near the 
western extremity of Lake Ontario. The Ameri- 
cans had advanced as far as Stoney Creek vdth 
the intention of dislodging them, when Lieutenant 
Colonel Harvey, now Sir John Harvey, conceived 
and executed a plan of surprising them in the night. 
Before day he entered their camp consisting of three 
thousand men, with only seven hundred and four 
soldier ; killed and wounded a great number ; and 
captured two generals and one hundred and twenty 
prisoners. This affair so disconcerted the Ameri- 
cans that they returned hastily to Fort George, 



J8J3 

Whatissaid 

of the 

American 

fleet? 
For what 
express pur- 
pose was 
this cam- 
, paign ? 



How did 
they suc- 
ceed at 
Toronto ? 



What was 
their next 
conquest? 



possession 



To what 
place did 
General 
Vincent 
retire? 



What plan, 
was execut- 
ed! 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 



133 



teaving the communication with part of the Niagara 
Frontier open to the British, and perhaps even- 
tually saving the whole of the Province. 

8. On the 23rd of June two American armed 
vessels were gallantly captured by the British troops 
at Isle-aux-Noix in Lake Champ^.ain, and in^July 
the barracks at Blackrock and Plattsburg were 
destroyed. An attack on Sackett's Harbour, 
however, by Sir George Prevost, <3n which 
great hopes were formed, completely failed. On 
the lOth of Se{)tember Commodore Perry captured 
the whole British Naval force on Lake Erie. 

9. To add to this series of disasters, General 
Proctor was defeated near Detroit by General 
Harrison, This general brought with him a body 
of combatants hitherto unknown in warfare — the 
Kentucky -mounted riflemen, accustomed to ride 
through the woods, and using their weapon with 
astonishing skill. Receiving the fire of the British, 
they galloped forward amongst them, and in a few 
minutes spread a general confusion through the 
ranks. The Indians sustained the loss of their 
chief Tecumseh, one of the bravest of the brave, 
and equally distinguished by policy and eloquence. 
The main object of his life had been to unite his 
followers in a grand confederacy against the Ameri- 
cans, In his enmity to them, he had warmly 
attached himself to the British, and aided them in 
successive victories, (general Proctor was obliged 
to retreat to Burlington Heights, where he could only 
rally two hundred men, with whom he joined the 
Niagara army. 

10. In the fall of the year the American forces 
were assembled on Lakes Ontario and Champjain, 
with the intemion of making a combined attack on 

M 



1813 
What was 
the conse- 
quence r 



"What ves- 
sels were 

captured ? 

and what 
barracks 

were des- 
troyed 1 

What hap- 
pened at 
Sackett's 
Harbour ? 
— at Lake 
Erie ? 



Where did 
the British 
next sus- 
tain a de- 
feat ? 

Describe the 
Kentucky 
liflemen ? 



In what 
manner did 
they fight? 



Whom did 

the Indians 

Jose? 



What had 

been the 

main object 

of his life r 

To whom 
had he at. 

tached 
himself? 

Whatissaid 

of General 

Proctor's 

retreat ? 



Where did 
the Ameri- 
cans next 
assemble? 



134? COLONIAL HISTORY* 

and for what Montreal, the success of which would doubtless 

purpose r ^ 

have placed the whole of the Upper Province in 
their hands. On the 21st of October General 

ed Canada? Hampton entered Lower Canada from Lake Cham- 
plain with an army of from six to seven thousand 
men. On the 26th be came to Colonel De 

dicfhe^mee? Salaberry's position on the Chateauguay river, where 

renu/se? ^® "^^^ Vsi'^ a noble resistance from the little 

detachment that formed th-e advance of the 

What is said JBritish army. It was almost entirely composed of 

of Its com- ^ . ^ 

position and natives of Lowcr Canada, and its numbers have 

numbers ^ 

been variously estimated. 
Tf^Goione\'^ 1 1. This bravo officer was himself a Canadian, 
de Saia^ber- belonging to ouo of the oldest and most distinguished 

families ; and had served with the British army in 
chTract^er? various parts of the world. To great activity and 

personal courage he united military science and 

experience and possessed the entire confidence of his 
'^^hl^ale" troops. Hc availed himself of every advantage 
advantage? ^jjj^]^ ^l^g thickly wooded countiy afforded, and 

poured in a deadly fire. The example, which 

^of thrioss*^ ^^ gallant Colonel thus set, was nobly followed by 

on both jjjg mgji^ eveiy one of whom made sure of his ob- 

ject. The loss of the A mericans was considerable, 

place did whilst Coloncl de Salaberry had only two men 

Hamp7o*n killed and sixteen wounded. General Hampton 

retreat, returned to Plattsburg, where his army dwindled 

Give an ac- away by sickness and desertion. 

count of the J J 

proceedings JO. Meantime the larger expedition under Gen- 

of General ° ^ 

■WiikinsoM ? eral Wilkinson, having crossed Lake Ontario, entered 

the river St. Lawrence, and passed the British fort 

When might f p^escott on the night of the 6th of November. 

he have " 

reached j^ ^^^ ^ beautiful moonlight night.and he might have 

Montreal? o b ? o 

reached the island of Montreal the next day, had 
he continued his route without interrupiion. For- 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 135 

lunately, however, he thought proper to land por- "^^'^j^ ^^^'^ ^^ 
tions of his troops at different places on the St. 
Lawrence in quest of imaginary obstacles to his 
passage. These unnecessary delays gave time to what did 
Sir George Prevost to hear of his coming, and to oeorg'Jtime 
call out the miUtia, who were assembling from 
every part of the country ; and enabled the detach- What is said 
ments also from the garrisons of Kingston and tachmems? 
Prescott to overtake him. 

13. Near Cornwall Wilkinson received des- From whom 

did Wilkin- 

patches from Hampton declining the expected son receive 

. • , 1 TT /. 1 1 , despatches 1 

co-operation with him. He lound too that the -^jiatdidi 
population was hostile to the States, and attached ^^'^ '■ 
to the British government. He resolved to give up ^^ji^t ji^j j,^ 
his attack upon Montreal, and retire to winter '^^soive? 
quarters. The American General Boyd with the who marcir 
elite of the army marched, at this time too, against ''oeneraf * 
the British General Morrison, who commanded the ^°'"^«" ^ 
detachments from Kingston and Prescott, amount- 
ing to only eight hundred men. Great fears were what fears 
entertained of the junction of the forces of Boyd ^^tainJd^-'^' 
and Wilkinson. This, however, was prevented ; state the 
and Boyd's army was beaten at Chrysler's farm '^'^ui^'^ 
above Cornwall, and forced to retire to their boats. 
They crossed to Salmon river, from which they Tiaeeju^ 
ultimately retired to Plattsburgon Lake Champlain. they fmaiiy 

J or retire s 

14<. In the month of December the Americans, what town 

finding that the British were prepared to act on the ^^'^^ ^""" 
offensive, burnt the town of Newark (now Niagara), 
leaving the inhabitants ruined and houseless in the 

midst of winter. On the advance of General ^^j^^ ^^^^ 

Murray, General M'Clure retired, and the Ameri- ^^^^^^ - 

•^ ' ' Niagara r 

can Fort Niagara was taken by surprise, with four 
hundred prisoners, and a large quantity of arms and 



by the 
Americitiis 



136 COLONIAL HISTORt. 

In what stores. On the 30th the British retaliated the 

manner uiu 

the British burning of Niagara by destroying Blackroek and 

Whatissaid Buffalo. The winter put an end for a time to thia 

tier warfare'^ border warfare, so annoying to both countries, and 

frequently more disastrous in its consequences than 

regular contests. 

When were 15. Operations were commenced early in the 

again com- Spiring of 1814. An American army, commanded 

What new by General Wilkinson, and amounting to upwards 

made on of three thousand men, entered Lower Canada on 

°nada^^' ^^^ western shore of Lake Champlain. They 

whatisf=aid attacked and completely invested La CoUe Mill, 

ofLaColle . 

Mill? which was defended by Major Handcock of the 

] 3th regiment and about one hundred and eighty 

Did they men. They were vigorously repulsed from this little 

succeed ? f^pt^ggg ^^^ driven back to the United States. 

Who look 1^* Early in the season Sir James Yeo arrived 

Oswego? ^pQj^ England, took command on Lake Ontario, 

and conveyed Sir Gordon Drummond with troops 

to Oswego, which they took. In July the Ameri- 

turedFm-^ Can General Brown captured Fort Erie, and 

By'^whom advanced to Chippewa, where he was met by 

aVchipJ^!* General Riall, with about two thousand regulars, 

^** militia, and Indians. A severe battle was fought. 

What was ^^ which the British lost in killed, wounded, and 

the result T lyiiggijig^ five hundred and fifteen, and the Americans 

three hundred and twelve. General Riall was 

How far did obliged to fall back to Twenty-one Mile Creek, and 

the Ameri- ^be Americans proceeded to invest Fort George. 

cans pro- *^ ° 

ceedr Finding it stronger than he expected, and being 
count of disappointed of assistance from Sackett's Harbour, 

their con- '■ '■ ' 

duct ? after destroying the village of St. David's and plun- 
dering the inhabitants of the frontier, Brown 
retired towards Chippewa. The British general, 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 137 

having received some reinforcements, advanced, 
and the two armies met again near the Falls of 
Niagara. Here in a place called Lundy'-' Lane, Where did 

1 • I • 1 • ^*'^ armies 

after valiantly fighting till midnight with various again meeti 

fortune, the Americans were obliged to retire 

towards Fort Erie, losing eight hundred and fifty- what was 

^ o a •'the loss on 

four men, while the loss of the British was eight each side ? 
hundred and seventy-eight. 

17. Having determined on attacking Fort Erie, Give an ac- 

• 11/' count of the 

General Drummond followed them, arrived before attack on 

I /• 1 « 1 z' A 1 • 1 • ^ort Erie ■? 

the lort on the 3rd of August, and invested it. 

Gn the 11th the American armed schooners Ohio whatcap- 

and Somers, aiding in the defence of the place, British 

were taken possession of by seventy-five British 

seamen under Captain Dobbs in boats, some of 

which had been carried on men's shoulders Irom 

below the Falls. On the night of the 15th the what was 

army assaulted the fort and were repulsed, losing \heat\rck^ 

nine hundred and five men and several gallant ^^^ ^^'^ f'''^' • 

officers. 

18. After the capture ofj Paris and the abdication when was 
of Napoleon, Britain was enabled to turn her forces bied to turn 
against the United States, and doubtless anticipated 'n^on to"" 
a full triumph. A strong detachment arrived late ..?,^.T'^^l , 

' ° WJiither did 

in the season, and part ot them were ordered to a part of the 

'■ detachment 

march round Lake Ontario to the Niagara Frontier, march i 
The principal part, however, were assembled on Where were 

u r>- L 1- ^^^ princi- 

tne Kicneheu, where they were brigaded with the pai pan 
forces of General de Rottenburg. Great exertions what exer- 
were made on both sides to ensure a superiority on ^made^'o^r 
Lake Champlain ; and in September a force of 
ten thousand men under Sir George Prevost passed 
the frontier and attacked Plattsburg. The British 
flotilla from Isle-aux-Noix came up and attacked a"a<^i* • 

M 2 



both sides 1 
and who at- 
tacked 
Flattsbtirg ? 

Describe the 



138 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



the American Naval force — the land batteries 
opened at the same time,and the troops moved on to* 

What was the assault. Here again, however, victory declared 
itself for the Americans, the naval force was 
defeated, and the whole army retreated (very 
unnecessarily, as it was thought at the time) and 
re-entered Lower Canada, with the loss oft wo hun*^ 
ded and thirty-five men exclusive of deserters. 

What sortie 19. On the Niagara frontier in the same month 

was made ? ° 

the American forces made a sortie from Lake 
What is said Erie, which was repulsed, but with great loss. On 

oftheBri- , ' ^ , ^^ . , , . i 

tish] the 21st the British broke up and retired upon 

Chippewa, Fort George, and Burlington Heights. 

In October Sir James Yeo brought reinforcements 

and supplies to General Drummond. On the 5th 

— of Fort of November the Americans evacuated Fort Erie, 

Erie ? 

the only military fort they had in the Canadas. A 
What party predatory party too, which bad landed from Detroit, 

retired from ^ ^ , , , n , m • x 

Canada? and penetrated more than a hundred miles mto 
Upper Canada, retired upon the approach of a 
British force from Burlington Heights, thus entirely 

What was abandoning Canada. The command of the lakes 
What cap- was at the same time secured, and several American 



— of Sir 
James Yeo? 



tured ? 



Forts were captured. 



Of what 20. In the meantime the British obtained pos- 

placedidthe , - , , 

British gain scssion of Washington, where they destroyed the 

possession? i ,. «> ■• rr»» L 

whatios d P^"^^^ offices and property. They were, however, 
ofBaiti- very unsuccessful in their attacks upon Baltimore 

more ? and •' *^ 

New Or- and New Orleans. Happily a treaty of peace 
What was between the United States and Great Britain was 

now signed? , ^ . i 

signed at Ghent, December 24th, 1814, and on 
1815 the 9th of March, 1815, was made known at 
it made Quebec by Sir George Prevost, which terminated 
Quebec 7 this unfortunate and disastrous war. 

21. Neither the treaty of peace, not thQ ww. 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 



139 



— of the 
national 
councils r 



however, brought glory to Britain. The country ^^VJi'ese'*^ 
was saved chiefly by the gallantry and loyalty of its ^7 whoL 
own inhabitants, whose conduct is beyond all praise. '^^^^^^5''* 
Many were the instances, however, of distinguished whatissaia 
military skill, and of gallant endurance of fatigue and 
hardship, displayed by the army sent to defend 
Canada ; but some unhappy influence seems to 
have pervaded the national councils. When a Give some 

^ 1 nn II 1 examples? 

powerful army might have acted effectually, only a 

few thousands were sent ; and men, who had beaten — at New 

the most celebrated troops in the world, were defeated 

and destroyed in an attack on mud breast-works at 

New Orleans. An open and populous country, —ja Canada 

where a European army might have carried all °^^^^^ ^ 

before it, was left with only a few regiments, whilst _ on the 

the naval force on the Lakes was so deficient that ^ ^* 

defeat was unavoidable. 

II. General History FROM THE Conclusion or what 

does this 

OF Peace, 1815, to the Commencement of Dis- period treat? 
TURBANCES, 1832.— 1. Sir Gordon Drummond J^ej^rsfr 
succeeded Sir George Prevost in the administration GeorgePre- 

» vest? 

of the government in April, 1815 ; and Joseph Who wa» 
Wilson, Esq., held the office of Administrator tor? 
under him till the arrival of Sir John Coape ^verno?- 
Sherbrooke, who was appointed Governor-general ^^°|[f ^ ' 
in 1816. This vigorous and judicious administra- ^^fJJsaj^'*^ 
tion gave general satisfaction. He was instructed to ministra- 

° ° tion ? 

accept the offer, formerly made, to pay the whole what was 

^ ' J ^ tr J Yib instruct- 

civil list out of the funds of the Province. He ed to accept? 

For what 

applied, therefore, not for a permanent settlement, sum did h« 
but merely for the sum necessary to meet the 
current expenses. This was readily granted, the Was it 

^ J o 7 granted? 

Assembly reserving^to themselves the appropriation 
of it. 



240 



COLONIAL HISTORYi 



By whom ^' ^''' Johii, being obliged by severe illness to 
Jolfn ?ic- ''^turn to England, was succeeded in 1818 by the 
wrelflnd ^"^^ ^^ Richmond. In September, 1819, the 
^'^^ie'?'^ ''^ Duke's life and government were suddenly ter- 
minated by an attack of hydrophobia. This was 
was this occasioned by the bite of a tame fox, not suspected 

occasioned : •' ^ 

to be in a rabid state, with which the Duke was 

By whom ^'^U'^ing himself. From the time of his death the 

«-overnment g^^vcrnment was administered by the Honourable 

administer- james Monk as President, and afterwards by Sir 

Peregrine Maitland, until the arrival of the Earl of 

Dalhousie as Governor-general in 1820. 

1820 ^ 

What hap- 3. The financial affairs continued to go on well 

pened on the 

death of until the death of George III. A new Provincial 

Geo^rgelll.? i i , , i 

Parliament was then assembled, which the govern^- 

ment expected would pass a bill providing for the 

What did civil list. Instead of this the Assembly resolved to 

biy resolve appropriate all the revenue of the Provrnce, 

toappropri- jj^^^^^^ij^g ^^ ^^^^^ £140,000, including £34,000 

of annual permanent revenue, which, together 

with a small hereditary revenue of £3,800, had 

been secured to the Crown by the Quebec Acti 

dafmed^by The Crown claimed the exclusive right of distribute 

^^How'diV ing these lesser sums. Neither party would yield, 

housie^a^ct"? ^"^ ^^^^ Dalhousio went to England to arrange, 

if possible, this difficult affair. 

Whatissaid 4. This amiable uoblemau had been very popu- 

Da^hoiisie? lar in Nova Scotia, but he was not so successful in 

What did he his present Station. Having estimated the amount 

^"""^- necessary for the public service at £22,000 in 

addition to the revenues vested in tke Crown, he 

solicited this sum as a permanent grant. The 

Was it Assembly, however, positively refused to grant any 

^ran e ^ore than an annual supply bill. It was at last 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 14-1 

settled that two estimates should be presented — ^^^iJ^sJ '^ 

the first,embracing the government expenses, to be The^fj^^st? 

paid by funds of which the Crown claimed the 

entire disposal — the second to be employed for xhesecondT 

general objects, of which the members had the 

entire control. This measure gave general satis- What is said 

faction, the sum was voted, and the session ter- measure? 

minated amicably. 

1 fi;2^ 

5. In the year 1823 the popular cause was How was 
strengthened by the insolvency of the Receiver- '^cause " 
General, Sir John Caldwell. An inquiry into his edihfsyear? 
accounts had been repeatedly and vainly demanded amount was 
by the Assembly ; and he proved, when investi- \l ihe^pub^I^ 
gated, to be indebted to the public nearly £ 1 00,000. ^'"^ ^ 

6. When Lord Dalhousie returned in 1825, he what was 
dissolved the House of Assemblv. A new house 

" r T^/T Whom did 

assembled, when he refused to approve of Mr, he refuse to 

_ . , 1111 I o 1 sanction 1 

Papmeau, whom they had chosen as the Speaker ; 

and they refused to elect another. The conse- what was 

quence was that all operations with regard to the quence ? 

revenues of the Province were at an end, and 

no session of either house was held in the winter 

of 1827— 1828. 

7. The inhabitants of the Lower Province to the i82r— 1828 
number of eighty-seven thousand petitioned the of'thl'pe\u' 
King, charging the Governor-general with many ^^kV^{^^' 
arbitary acts— of applying public money improperly Memion iho 
—of violent prorogation and dissolution of the xhesecS 
House of Assembly — of continuing in office the r^^^ j^^j - 
Receiver-General after he was known to be insol- 
vent— of dismissing militia officers for voting against The ft.arih5k 
his policy — and of new-modelling the commission Thecnu^ 
of the peace to serve political purposes. 

8. His Majesty's ministers subinitte^ the whole i^o^^^i^i 



H2 COLONIAL HtSTORlr» 

Tubrnkied'?'' ^^ ^ Committee of the House of Commons. After 

^one ^b^^ g''^'^"? their most serious attention to the subject, they 

ihem ? made several enactments to secure to the French 

Canadians the peaceful enjoyment of their religion, 

What regret laws, and privileges. The Committee expressed 

express ? their sorrow, that the abuses complained of should 

have been so long allowed to exist in a British 

What did , ^ 

they retain? colony. They retained, however, the power of 

J828 the Crown over the revenues of the Province. 
Who sue- 9. Sir James Kempt succeeded Lord Dalhousie. 

r-eeJed Lord _ ^ 

Dalhousie^ On Calling a meetinp; of the Legislature, he formally 

Whom did ^ ^ 6 5 J 

ae recognise accepted the election of Mr. Papineau as Speaker, 

as Speaker? , , i i • i .,. -i i 

and made a speech which was concihatory, mild, 

To what did and wise. He assented to a Supply Bill to carry 

on the public service, and he may indeed be said to 

eSTccU ^ have effected a satisfactory understanding between 

the Legislative and Executive Governments. An 

What act ^^^ ^^ ^^^ Provincial Parliament was passed, which 

was passed? received His Majesty's sanction, to increase the 

representation of Lower Canada from j&fty to eighth 

What took four members. A general election took place 

whaUssaid agreeably to this act, and soon after Sir James 

^empa^^ Kempt returned to England, universally honoured 

and respected for his conciliatory and constitutional 

conduct. 

By whom 10. He was succeeded by Lord Aylmer. Dur- 

3ucceed.^;d- ing his administration the asiatic cholera appeared 

_. '^3^ jjj Canada. So great was the mortality that it was 

Give an ac- ° •' 

couiuofthe calculated that a greater number of persons bad 

rava<res of ° ^ 

the cholera? been carried oif by it in three months in Lower Ca- 
nada, where the population was only half a million, 
than in six months in Great Britain, where there 

What otii ^^'^^ ^ population of above sixteen millions. A ma- 
influence jignant influence, however, more permanent in its 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 14<3 

effects than the visitations of pestilence, began to '^^"/•^^{jj^!" 
manifest itself in the Province, menacing the Province? 
peace, prosperity, and institutions of the land, the 
confidence of social life, and the stabiHty of British 
connection — v^^e allude to the Rebellion. 

1832 

III. From the First Disturbance at Mon- whai por- 
tion of his- 
TREAL, IN 1832, TO THE EnD OF THE REBELLION tory does 

this division 

OF 1838. — 1. The first serious tumult occurred on embrace? 

Adhere WHS 

the 2 1st of May, 1832, in consequence of political the fust 

1 • 1 • -V T 1 rrii outbreak ? 

excitement durmg an election at Montreal. Ine what were 
civil power being unable to restrain the populace i''*^*^'^"'^^? 
from acts of violence, it was found necessary to call 
in the military, when three persons were killed and ,33^ 
several wounded. The awful visitations of the ^'oVlhe^"^ 
pestilence in 1832 and 1834 seem to have calmed cholera t 
down for a time this tumultuary spirit, which, how- 
ever, soon returned. 

2. The discontent and opposition of the leaders Whatissaid 
of Lower Canada to the British government grew leaders of 

^ ^ Lower 

more intense. Soon after the arrival of Lord Gos- Canada? 
ford in 1835 the House of Assembly announced they' 
that they should consider certain fundamental ^"°^""'^*' 
alterations in the constitution as the condition of 
any vote of supply. This was the first instance of ofwhatwas 

,. ^ 1 , „ this the Urst 

a direct refusal to grant the expenses of govern- instance? 
ment. Affairs were thus brought toa crisis; and whatissaid 
many of the habitans of Canada, a virtuous and well habitan* ? 
disposed but simple people, were too easily led on 
step by step, until, after the lapse of two years, acts 
of open rebellion were committed by them. 

3. As a preparative for this conflict with the con- what is said 
stituted authorities, and to rouse the passions of the ^ ings? ^ 
habitans against them, public meetings were held in 

almost every parish, at which resolutions of the most 



H4 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



What is said 
of the flag 1 



— of the cap 
of liberty 1 



What did 
they dis- 
card ? 



How wpre 
these reso- 
lutions 
carried out? 



For what 
purpose did 

Iheinhabi- 
tHuis meet t 



When was 
there ano- 
ther riot at 
Montreal ? 
To what 
place did 
Sir John 
Colborne 

remove his 
head quar- 
ters? 

Where were 

the kabitans 

ranged ? 

What was 

done by the 
cavalry ? 



What were 
issued ? 



Relate a cir- 
cumstance 
Avhich oc- 



seditious and inflammatory nature were passed. 
The tri-coloured flag, the emblem of revolution, was 
displayed at some of the villages on the Bichelieu, 
and at a grand meeting at St. Charles the cap of 
liberty was raised, and a solemn oath taken under it 
to be faithful to the revolutionary principles of 
which it was emblematical. All allegiance was 
at once discarded, and a determination evinced to 
take the management of affairs into their own 
hands. 

4<. No time was lost in carrying out these trea- 
sonable resolutions. Bands of armed men marched 
forth, spreading fear and consternation among the 
peaceable inhabitants of the country, and threaten- 
ing them with the loss of life and property, if they 
did not join them. 

5. The alarm of the loyal inhabitants of Lower 
Canada was now great. They met for the preserva- 
tion of order, and the continuance of the British 
connection. Troops were sent for to Nova Scotia 
and Upper Canada. 

6. On the 6th of November, 1837, there was 
another riot at Montreal, but no lives were lost. On 
the 10th Sir John Colborne, the Commander of the 
Forces, removed his head quarters from Sorel to 
Montreal. On the same day a detachment proceeded 
to St. John's under the command of Captain Glas- 
gow. He found a large body of habitans posted on 
the opposite bank of the Richelieu, and the cavalry 
proceeded to take possession of the bridge, in order 
to prevent them from crossing. 

7. On the 16th warrants were issued for the 
apprehension of twenty-six of the chief leaders. 
As a party of volunteer cavalry, newly organized, 
who had charge of two prisoners, were returning to 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 145 

Montreal, a large body of the peasantry fired upon curred near 
them from behind the fences near Longueil, and 
c-ompelled them to abandon their prisoners. Colonel in what 

^ '■ direction 

WetheralL with a considerable force, proceeded ^id coionei 

Wetherall 

immediately from Chambly in the direction of St. proceed r 

Charles, for the purpose of dispersing a large body 

of people who had assembled there and fortified 

their position. At some places the rebels fled on 

the approach of the army, but at St. Charles the de- What was 

^^ •'^ he obliged 

fenders were so obstinate that the Colonel was ob- to do at st. 

1 1 11- Charles? 

Iiged to storm and carry the works, burning every 
house but one. The slaughter was great on the side What is said 
of the unfortunate rebels, but slight on that of the ofufe ? 
troops. Another party of troops, who were march- Who march- 
ing from Sorel up the course of the Richelieu in sorei up the 
order to effect a junction with Colonel Wetherall, ^'*^*^®"®" • 
were not so successful. At St. Denis they met with what 
with such a strong opposition that they were niletarit. 
compelled to abandon their intention and march ^en»s? 
back to Sorel. This success on the part of the were the 
rebels was only of short duration, for, on the winter ^ ces/fun' 
roads being formed, the same party marched through 
the country without opposition. 

8. Having captured St. Charles, and dispersed a Mention the 
considerable body collected for the purpose of ceedings'of" 
cutting off his return, Colonel Wetherall came back Wether"ani 
to Montreal, bringing with him the pole and cap of 

liberty which had been reared at St. Charles, and 
twenty-five prisoners. The troops upon landing How wer« 

• 1 -1 I i* 1 . ,. the troops 

were received with snouts ot applause. A fine received? 
spirit now animated the people, and volunteer corps Were the 
were rapidly raised, — four or five battalions at Mon- troops raised 
treal, and upwards of fifty corps of various kinds in ^^'^'t"?'" '' 
other parts of the country. 

9. One of the most tragical events which took ^''nt'saaid 

° ofthemur- 

N 



14^6 COLONIAL HISTORT 

enln^wS ^^^^^ ^* *^^^ ^•'"® ^^^ ^'^^ Hiurder of Lieutenant 
Weir. This young officer had been sent overland 

To what o 1 • 1 1 

place had to borel With a despatch directing the officer in 

sent ? command to prepare a force to accompany Colonel 

Gore, who was to leave Montreal in the afternoon 

How WAS he ^^ ^^^ steamboat. The roads were so bad that 

detained? traveUing was almost impossible, and he could not 

reach Sorel by land until half an hour after Colonel 

Gore and his division had crossed the St. Lawrence 

„,^ ^ . and marched on their route to St. Denis. Taking a 

What mis- ^ 

take did he fresh cal6che, he hastened to join the troops; but, 

unfortun- ' •' i j y 

ateiymake? mistaking the road, he passed them and arrived 
WK ^„» at St. Denis before them. Here he was made a 

Where was 

he murder- prisoner, closely pinioned, sent forward to St, 

Charles, and on the road was barbarously murdered 

When wag ^Y ^^^^ brutal guardians. The fact, and the cir- 

^^^out""^^ cumstances attending it, were only ascertained 

Where was ^" *^^ second expedition to St. Denis. The body 

fbund ?^ was found in the Richelieu, and was brought to 

What is said Montreal for interment. The funeral took place 

funeT&\i with mihtary honours, and so solemn and imposing 

a sight was never before witnessed in the city. 

What is said 10. Martial law was proclaimed in the District 

** uvfT of Montreal on the .5th of December, and Sir John 

Colborne invested with authority to administer it. 

At what Immediately after this the attention of government 

5lep?raUois vvas Called to the preparations making at the Lake 

Tnd"bV <5f the Two Mountains, at St. Eustache, St. Benoit, 

"^°"^ ^ and St. Scholastique, where the most active and 

able leaders of the revolt had fortified themselves in 

a formidable manner. 

When did H. Qn the morning of the 13th oC December 

Sir Jolin ° 

coibornead. gi(. j^h^ Colbome, With about thirteen hundred 

v«nce to the i r^ • /' n/i 

District of men, advanced towards this District from Montreal, 

the Lake of ' . ,. ■ ^ /-x \. t a \. 

the Two along the left bank of the Ottawa. On the I4ta 

Mountains 1 ° 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 147 

the army crossed the river and invested the village What places 
of St. Eustache. The attack was completely «tt«ck? 
successful, though attended with much destruction 
of life and property. The handsome church was oiveanAc- 

i t J couniofthis 

set on fire, as well as the presbyUre and about sad affair? 

sixty of the principal houses. One of the leaders 

Was killed near the church, and a large number ^^arltT 

burnt or suffocated from the flames; of the borne^'et'? 

troops only one or two were killed, and a few 

wounded, 

12. The next day, as the troops marched forward "w^*»«t *»«?- 

•" ^ penedatSl. 

to St. Benoit, his Excellency was met by delegates Benoit? 
bearing a flag of truce, and stating that the rebels 
were prepared to lay down their arms uncondi- 
tionally. Almost every house exhibited something 
white ; and on arriving at St. Benoit, two hundred 
and fifty of these misguided men were found drawn 
up in a line, and suing for pardon, stating that their 
leaders had deserted them. They were immediate- th^e'rebeia^ 
ly dismissed to their homes and occupations. With -y^Jaj* ended 
the return of the troops from the county of the Two "^^'q J? th'®' 
Mountains the military operations, connected with troops ? 
the first rebellion in Lower Canada, may be said to 
have terminated. 



CHAPTER HI. 
pivisioi^s. 

/. Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837—11. Mission of Lord What are 
Durham, 1838. — III. From the departure of Lord Dur' of this 
ham, 1838, to the Union of the Provinces, 1840. Chapter • 

I. Rebellion in Upper Canada. — 1. The How did the 

news from 

news of the rising in Lower Canada was the Lower Cu- 

. , -, , »&•'* affect 

Signal for action on the part of the mal-cpntents the upper 

*^ Province r 



H8 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

i^ar'meet- ^" ^^® Upper ProvJnce. A meeting of the " Pro- 
^pface^r^ vincial Convention," a disloyal association, was 
By vrhom immediately called at Toronto. The notices were 
clnldi signed by Mr. W. L. Mackenzie, editor of a news- 
paper. 
What did it 2» Tliis Convention soon after sent forth a mani- 

send forth r 

festo, the purport of which was to call upon the 

people to rise against their rulers, and to " put 

down those who oppress and enslave the country.^ 

Give an ac- ft then procceds to announce the intention of" the 

count of the /». i p,., ., i i i i r- 

liberal pro- Iriends ol liberty," to grant several nundred acres of 

the government lands to every volunteer, to secure 

free deeds to all settlers,, and to root out the Canada 

— of cheap Company. The country was to be governed so 

rnent"' economically, that, instead of costing the people 

jBlOOjOOO per annum, it should be managed at 

— of the ^hfi reasonable rate of ^25,000, the rest to go for 

roads? ^j^g purpose of" making crooked paths straight and 

What is said rough places plain" ; an undertaking which any one, 

of this un- ^ ^ ^ ' r- ^ t 

dertaking 1 acquainted with the country parts of Canada, will 

own was more desirable than attainable. 
What is said 3^ Qj^ the earliest rumour of insurrection Sir 

of the con. 

duct of Sir Francis Bond Head, the Governor of Upper Cana- 

Francis ^ ^ 

Bond Head T da, had sent every soldierto the Lower Province; and 
nothing could exceed his anxiety lest Sir John Col- 
borne should send back some of them. He had 

Give an ac- formed a plan of showing the American people, 

count of his , . - , , , , 

pianr that, it they thought proper to come over and 
revolutionize Canada, this was the time to do it sue* 
cessfully;or of proving that the British Canadians 
did not wish to desert the standard of their fathers. 
What is said 4. Notwithstanding the many rumours of insur- 
outbreak^i rection the first outbreak took place most unex- 
pectedly. The misguided men had been induced by 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 149 

their leaders to travel from their homes through the tSSders 

cross roads, and to meet early in the morning of the *"t^o"^ee ^ J^ 
4th of December, about four miles north of the city 
of Toronto, at a place called " Montgomery's 

Tavern." As soon as they had gained this position, 4^^^^ ^^J^Jgf 

they began to arrest every person on the road, in aggression 1 
order to prevent information of their proceedings 
from reaching the town. 

5- Their first victim was Colonel Moodie, a Who was 

their first 

distinguished officer, who resided near, and who had victim.' 
received some hints of what was going forward, and 
was hastening to the city. He was fired at, 
wounded, and died in three hours. It is said that „Wi^t is 

Mackenzie 

Mackenzie now observed to his followers, that, "as reported to 

have said : 

blood had been shed, they were in for it, and had 
nothing left but to march into the city" ; and this 
they prepared to do with all speed. 

6. Providentiaily their advance guard was met By whom 
by Alderman Powell, and some other gentlemen, vancegugird 
who were riding out of town to ascertain the truth 

of the runrtours which were afloat. They were what hap- 
immedi^ately arrested by some of the leaders. The ^a.^m?'' 
Alderman, however, contrived to escape, and, after of A^dernfail 
rousing the Governor, who was in bed and asleep, Lowell: 
Ire ran to the town bell, and rang such a peal as 
effectually roused most of the citizens from their 
slumbers, and greatly alarmed the rebels, coming on How did the 
the ear, in the stillness of night, like a voice warning The'^rebeTsr 
them to desist. 

7. The rebels, kept by the good hand of God J" what 

^ "^ ° manner was 

from wseizing the moment when they might easily nie night 

passed ? 

have taken the city, did little during the night. An •^. 
advanced picquet of the loyalists, under the com- happened 
mand of Mr. Sheriff Jarvis, met. a party of them 

N2 



150; COLONIAL HISTORY. 

within the precincts of the city, and drove them 

backj one of the rebels being killed and another 

wounded. 
What ia said 8« The inhabitants of Toronto were greatly 
inhabita'nts Surprised to find their city thus suddenly invested 
o Toronto ^^ ^ \avge body of armed men, commanded by 

Mackenzie, Van Egmont, and several other leaders. 

— of the In this trying moment there was nothing to look lo 
Canadians? but the determined loyalty of the British Canadians 
Give an ac- themselves. The inhabitants were immediately 
Governor's Called out by the Governor, who proceeded to the 

^Tngs?' town hall, where he found the Chief Justice, with a 
musket over his shoulder, surrounded by a band of 
How were hrave men who had hastily assembled. The arms, 
**pro7ided^^ which had been deposited in the town-hall, on the 
with arms 1 departure of the soldiers for the Lower Province, 
were then unpacked, and placed' in the hands of 
jgjj. those who rallied round the place of rendezvous. 
How were Before morning*" a large body of loyalists had 
bers assembled, which was increased in the course of 
the day by the arrival of the Speaker of the House 
of Assembly, Sir Allan M'Nab, with the loyal men 
of the Gore District, while others from different 
quarters came in hourly. 
What is said 9» By the noxt moming the loyalists were 
loyalists? Sufficiently strong to have attacked the insurgents. 

— of the Feeling, however, great reluctance to commence 
''s'em by'' ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^''' Francis sent two gentlemen to call 

Sir Francis! upon the leaders to avoid the effusion of human 

blood, and return to their allegiance. To this 

Re eat Mackenzie had the hardihood to reply, "that he 

^Mackenzie's would onlv conscut, on conditio« that his demands 

a,nawer? •' ' 

should be settled by a 7iaUonal convention,''^ He 
What did he iusolentJy added, "that he would wait till two 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. I5l 

o'clock for an answer." The answer was im- ^fpgp"^'-''^ 
mediately returned to him in the significant word an^^^^VJ^ 

'^ never, ^^ sir Francis? 

10. On the 7th the loyal band, composed of all Describe the 
orders and classes, well armed and taking with them , " 

' ° W hat was 

a field piece, marched out to attack the rebels, and their suc- 
completelv routed them : when Mackenzie effected what be- 

. came of 

his escape from the Provmce. The rebels were pur- Mackenz-iei 

/»ii'/- 1 1 — of the 

sued four miles, two of the chiefs were taken, and a others ? 
great num.ber of prisoners ; the tavern was burnt tavern r 
to the ground, and the whole affair so completely prTsoners"' 
quashed that Sir Francis dismissed the greater part 
of the prisoners'on the spot. The loss of life was whatissaia 

„ I r , ,1 1 of the loss 

very small on the part oi the rebels, and not one of life \ 
man fell on the side of the Loyalists. 

11. In the meantime men flowed in from all Give an ac- 
quarters, — from the lakes and rivers, — from the influx of '^ 
valleys and the forests — in such numbers, that Sir wUocame 
FVancis had to give public notice that there existed ^° ^^'^. 

=> r rescue r 

no further occasion for their resort to Toronto, 

The next day he issued a general order authorizing Whatissaid 

oftlic cener- 

the whole of the militia of the Bathurst, Ottawa, and ai order u. 

T-i , rv- . 1 1 1 1 • • ^^*^ militia * 

Eastern Districts, to go and lend their assistance to 
Lower Canada. A number of prisoners, who had —of the 
been taken in different parts of the country, were p'**""*'" 
released and sent to their homes ; and in ^about a 

, .... , — ofreBtor- 

week comparative tranquillity was restored. ed tranqui. 

12. After his flight from the field of battle Mr. ^"^* 
Mackenzie went to Buffalo. Here he succeeded whitherdid 

, /, A • -1 Mackenzie 

in rousing, in a certain party ot Americans, that go? 
strong desire they have always shown to become his success? 
the possessors of Canada. These lawless men 
plundered the State arsenals of cannon, arms, and how did 
ammunition, and took possession of Navy Island, a ihlmse^ves? 



152 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



little above the Falls of Niagara, en the 13th of 
'minirers^ December. Numbers enlisted, who were no doubt 
'jlJiU'^the'' tempted by the "Proclamation of the Patriot 
Patiiots ? Provincial Government." This promised to even' 

AVnal were i • 

the voiun- volunteer three liundred acres of valuable land in 

leers pro- 
mised ? Canada, and one hundred dollars in silver, on con- 
dition of their joining the Patiiot forces in Nav}' 
wiiydiiJ Island. V^hv they took the name of Patriots is 

they call •' ■^ 

themselves unknown, as a Patriot is a lover of his country ; 

Patriots .' ^ ' 

and these men, both Canadians and Americans, 
were the very worst enemies their country had 
ever possessed, and might have caused a war 

What might J ' 6 

have ensued between the British and Americans, in which 

from their ^ c i i • 

inroads? thousands of valuable lives might have been sacri- 
ficed. 
Who com- 13, The commander in chief of this enterprise 
enterprise? was a Certain Van Ranssclaer. Hundreds flocked to 

Whenee his Standard, while provisions and supplies of every 

was it , / . 1 1 . r ' c 

supported? kind were furnished in profusion from Buflalo and 
the surrounding country. It was useless for the 
American authorities to interfere ; the people chose 

chose to pa- to palronisc the Patriots, and Navy Island soon 

tronise the i i m -n /► i 

P:atriots? became a veiy busy place. J he artillery of the- 
Whatissaid State of New York was mounted, and soon opened 

artillery ? its fire upon the Canadian shore, which in that 

part is thickly peopled. Five hundred pounds 

reward^ was vvere offered for the apprehension of the English 

offered .- Governor. This, of course,. was to be paid out of 
How was it the wealth and resources of Canada, which they. 

to be paid r • i i i 

certainly imagined would speedily be at their 

disposal. 
What pre- 14. A body of militia under Colonel M^Nab 
were made was posted on the Canadian shore to defend the 

inhabitants, and prevent the Patriots from landing. 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 153 

Strict orders were, however, given to avoid any vio- What orders 

' ^ ° '' were given ^ 

lation of the American territory, and these would 
probably have been carefully attended to, had not a 
strong temptation offered. The small steamer where was 

° ^ , the Caroline 

Caroline, which was employed in carrying the lying i 
munitions of war to Navy Island, was lying on the 
American side of the river. Colonel M'Nab dis- For wiiat 
patched a party under the command of Captain ^"hepHity* 
Drew, of the Royal Navy, to take or sink her. *^^"**^ "^ 
This they did in a gallant manner, and, having set fire were they 
to her, suffered her to drift down the Falls of '"'"'^''^"^ ^ 
Niagara. Great excitement was caused in the How wh» 
United States by this attack ,• but the piratical rSv^dln 
occupation of the vessel was well known, and con- ^''^ states? 
vinced all well thinking people of its necessity. 

15. Soon afterwards a sufficient force was col- when did 
lected to dislodge the Navy Island warriors. A the^fsiand? 
short cannonade from the Canadian shore caused 

them to evacuate their position in the night of the 
14th of January, 1838. 

16. A party of the Patriots next thought fit to where did 
attack the Western District, whilst another partv *^'^ Patriots 

t: J next 

made a demonstration against Kingston. The ^ppetir? 
latter took possession of a little island about six "hey' 
miles from Kingston, but, terrified by the approach ^''^^''' 
of a pai-ty of militia, they fled without any appear- 
ance of resistance. At Detroit- another party. Give an n<- 
eeized a narrow strip of land called Fighting Island, theil-^pro'^ 
and made ostentatious prejiarations for remaining ^DeStV* 
there. No sooner, however, did the troops approach 
them, than they hurried away, leaving behind them 
some arms, and a quantity of stores. 

17. Sometime afterwards another party threw where did 
themselves into Point Pel6 Island in Lake Erie. 'iJJ.earT 



^^^ COLONIAL HISTORY. 

^7ion d?d'' Here Colonel Maitland took such a position as 

Mauiami o^^^^ged them either to fight or surrender. There 

"vvhuien- ^*^^^ ^ sharp resistance, and many of the soldiers 

sued 1 were shot down from behind the wooded coverts. 

H-ow dw Thev then extended their ranks in order to avoid 

they pro- 
ceed? the concentrated fire, and charged with the bayo- 
nets. The island was then carried, and the most of 
the defenders either slain or taken prisoners. In 

Whv. were . , , . /. i 

iiie chief all thcse forays, with the exception of that at 
these Toronto, by far the greater number of the marauders 
were citizens of the United States. 
Whnt vin- 18. On the 15th of January Sir Francis Head 
wns^made announced to the local Parliament, that, having had 
Francis ? ^^6 misfortune to differ from Her Majesty's Govern- 
ment in one or two points of Colonial policy, he had 
felt it his duty to tender his resignation, which had 
been accepted, and that he was to be succeeded by 
Sir George Arthur. His farewell speech abounded 
What is said ^yj^ji ^ye|[ merited eulogy of the brave Canadians, 

ot his fare- ^-^ ' 

xveii speech? ^nd of the institutions they had so gallantly defended. 

_^ In spite of peculiarities we must admire the 

character 1 frankness and boldness with which Sir Francis 

acted in the moment of trial. His friends consider 

In what 

light is his that hjs determined conduct saved the countrv : 

conduct . 1 . 1 • • I " 

viewed by while his cucmies say, that m depriving the country 
, . . of its usual defenders he induced the disaffected to 

— by his 

enemies ? rebel, but whoGvcr calmly reviews the whole of the 
How was circumstances must own that the country was 

ihe country _ ^ , ^ f t\- • 

i)reseived f preserved by the special interposition of Divine 

wimt^ssaid pj.Qyi(jgn(.^^ Sir George Arthur arrived at Toronto 

ShiK? on the 23rd of March, and assumed the government. 

n. Mission of Lord Durham. — 1. The 
British Government, having prevailed upon the 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 155 

Earl of Durham to take the office of Governor- 2o?d du^ 
General, he arrived in Canada on the 29th of May, J*d"„^^[;,^on 
and was received in the most cordial manner by all «?™'' ^*^''l* 

•' first acts 1 

parties. One of his first acts was a general jail 
delivery with some very few exceptions. A Pro- 
clamation was also issued, allowing those, who had 
fled out of the country, to return to their homes. 
He was empowered to form a Council, com- Whntiund 

of Council 

posed of thirteen members from each Province, whs he to 
These he was to use only as advisers, and dis- How was iie 

to use thciur 

miss at pleasure. 

2. In the meantime the Patriots on the American whatissaid 
frontier were making active preparations for a ratriois; 
renewal of hostilities. On the 30th of May a band 

of men, headed by one Johnson, boarded a British 
steamer, the Sir Robert Peel, which was lying at — ofthedcB- 
VVell's Island, and, after robbing the passengers of the sir 
their money and valuable effects, forced them on 
shore, and set fire to the vessel. Lord Durham, —of Lord 
who had only just arrived, was so incensed at this ^''^•^^^ • 
outrage, that he offered a reward of one thousand 
'tioUars for the discovery and conviction of the 
offenders. Johnson, however, set all the authorities, ^y^^^ joun- 
British and American, at defiance. Taking refuge ^°" ^^^^^ '■ 
amongst " the Thousand Isles," he and his band he take 
used to keep themselves out of the reach of all law, 
civil or mihtary. Provided with boats of surprising j^ ^^^^^ 
lightness, they moved up and down the river with "*°"g^yad''* 
•equal speed and facility, making their appearance Justice? 
when least expected, and baffling all pursuit. 

3. Soon after his arrival Lord Durham found it What did 

Lord Dur- 

Tiecessary to dispose of some individuals of distinc- ham find it 

neceasarv to 

tion, who had been engaged in the rebellion. He ^o} ' 

,.,-, T> -, , ,. . Whither did 

Danisned them to Bermuda, there to be kept m he send 

ihem I- 



156 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

Strict surveillance, and to suffer the penalty of 

death if they returned to Canada without the 

What ie said permission of the Governor. This was an unlaw- 

meusurei ful measure, and was greatly disapproved of by 

the Government in England. 

wbat is said 4. Lord Durham made an extensive tour through- 

Dururm's out the Province, and was everywhere received 

^'*"'^' with respect. His Lordship and the civil officers 

""'' '^^ attached to his Government collected a great mass 

masa oi in- . 

formation of information relative to Canada, which was after- 

Canada} vvards throwu into the shape of a Keport to the 

queen, and by her Majesty's direction printed 

and submitted to Parliament. 

Did Lord 5. His Lordship, however, did not long remain 

remahiCre in charge of the Government. Finding that his 

'^"^ " conduct with regard to the prisoners sent to Ber- 

Why did he muda was condemned in England, he resigned his 

home" office and left Quebec on the Jst, and arrived at 

dtdhe'Ifdve Plymouth in England on the 26th of November, 

,n England? ^g^g^ 

Why were 6. The very night of Lord Durham's departure 
uilTei numerous arrests took place at Montreal, on account 
of the Lower Canadians organizing another revolt. 
What was Arrangements had been made for a general rising 
expected ? ^^ ^^^ hahttans, and a fresh storm of rebellion brood- 
ed over the Province. 

HL From the Breaking Out of the Second 
Rebellion in 1838, to the Union of the Pro- 
vinces OF Upper and Lower Canada in 18^il. 
When>ya9 — L The projected rising was originally intended 
"^to t'ake"^ to take place at Montreal at an hour when the 
P'^*"^^ troops were at church and unarmed. The vi^ise 
A^Sted^u ? precautions taken by the Commander of the Forces, 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 157 

Sir John Colborne, however, baffled this scheme. '^^^ 
Beauharnois was then selected as the scene of What took 

place at 

action, and on the 3rd of November a large party Beauhar- 

succeeded in surprising the loyalists of the village 

and making them prisoners. Amongst these were What is said 

of Mr. 

Mr. Kllice, the son of the Seigneur, who had acted Eiiice? 

as Private Secretary to Lord Durham, and several 

other gentlemen. Mrs. ElUce was also taken —of Mrs. 

, Ellice ? 

prisoner, but was treated with kindness and courtesy, 
and was deposited by the rebels in the care of the 
Cur6 of Beauharnois. 

2. A singular event took place the next morn- What event 
ing in the Indian village of Caughnawaga, or " the at Caugh- 
Village of the Rapid," near Montreal. As the in- ''^"^^^^ ' 
habitants were at worship, a party of rebels sur- 
rounded the church. The Indians immediately la what 

1 1 .1 <m • /• ..• 1 manner did 

turned out ; and the Lniei, settmg an example the Chief 

RCt ? 

which was promptly followed by all, raised the 
war-whoop, seized the rebel next him, and wrested 
his musket out of his hands. The others, being what was 
panic-struck probably by this strange noise, sur- * eresui. 
rendered themselves prisoners to the number of 
sixty-four, and, tied with their own sashes and 
garters, were taken into Montreal. These Indians whatissaid 
are a remnant of the once powerful and ferocious indiaiTs^? 
tribes of the Six Nations : they are now domesti- 
cated, and cultivate the land. Their Chiefs are r,u ■ 

' — of their 

humane men, and enforce the strictest order, and Chiefs? 
the observance of the rules of civilized warfare. 

3. Between the 3rd and 6th about four thousand where did 
insurgents were concentrated at Napierville in the gelHs^alsem- 
county of Laprairie, to which place Sir John \'v"howas 
Colborne moved with a considerable body of troops. '^"tVem"^'^'^* 
From the badness of the roads, however, they 

O 



15S 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



.y^H^ f '^ did not arrive until the 10th, when they found that 

they find on ' ' 

their ar- 



rival ? 



Who took 

Beauhar- 

nolsl 



Who met 
them 1 



What did 

the victors 

then do ? 



the rebel force had dispersed during the night, and 
were beyond pursuit. The same day, a small party 
of the 71st Regiment, with upwards of a thousand 
Glengarry men, whose settlement is on the opposite 
side of the river, took Beauharnois, and rescued all 
the prisoners found there. 
For what 4. A body of the insurgents, to the number of 
a party been four hundred, had been detached from Napierville 
to open a communication with the United States. 
They were met by a party of loyal volunteers, who 
bravely defeated them, drove them across the 
frontier, and took several prisoners, a field piece, and 
three hundred stand of arms. The victors then 
threw themselves into the Church at Odell- 
town, awaited the approach of Dr. Nelson, the 
eader in the revolt, and of the rebels who had fled 
from Napierville, and repulsed them with the loss 
of one hundred men. 

5. Mr. Ellice and the other gentlemen, who had 
been seized by the rebels, were released and the road 
pointed out to them by which to reach La- 
prairie. They had been well and kindly treated 
by the Cur6 and Nuns at Chateauguay. Indeed 
in this rising there was but little violence in the 
conduct of the Canadians, and that little must have 
been caused by peculiar circumstances, as they are 
a most peaceful and kind-hearted race. In little 
more then a week after the first movement ?ir 
John Colborne had the satisfaction to announce that 
the insurrection in Lower Canada was at an end. 

6. It is not a little surprising that this should have 
been the case, when we consider that they were sup- 
ported by a numerous body in the United States, 



Whom did 
the rebels 
release 1 



How had 
they been 
treated ? 

What re- 
mark is 
made upon 
the Cana- 
diansj ? 



How soon 

did this 

insurrection 

end i 



By whom 
were ihe 
rebels sup- 
ported { 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 159 

who under the title of " S3^mpathizers5" espoused 
their cause, and supplied them with arms and 

ammunition. Indeed there is no doubt but that a ^^^^0^^'^^*; 

species of association, in which the members were frontier i 
bound by secret oaths and signs, existed along the 
whole frontier. 

7. At the time of the rising in the Montreal Give an ac- 

. count of the 

District a body of Americans, amountmg to about attack at 

Prescott? 

four hundred, sailed from the vicinity of Sackett's 

Harbour, and landed at Prescott. Colonel Young, By whom 

• were iheif 

with all the force that he could collect, and Captain opposed? 

Fowell, with an armed steamer, compelled many 

of them to disperse. A considerable number of Where did 

f • • 1 -11 1 several 

them, however, took refuge m a wmdmill, and an of them 
adjoining house built of stone, where they defended 
themselves and killed eighteen of the British. The 

11 111-1 What was 

walls were too strong to be reduced without can- found ne- 

1 1 1 1- • 1 cessary \ 

non, and some guns and additional troops were 

brought up. An attack was then made, when How did 
the party in the mill attempted to escape, but were 

all captured. One hundred and fifty-six prisoners whither 

were taken to Kingston, to be tried by Court the pds^on- 

Martial. ers taken 1 

8. Another invasion from Detroit was made at Give an ac- 
Sandwich, when they set fire to a steamer and to invasion at 
the barracks, and killed several individuals in cold ^ ^^^ 
blood. Amongst them was Dr. Hume, a military what was 
surgeon, who had mistaken them for some of the Drf Hum2? 
provincial militia, and fallen into their hands un- 
armed. His body was thrown aside, hacked and 
mangled by axes and knives. 

9. Colonel Prince, on hearing of these atrocities. By whom 

were they 

attacked them, when they fled, leaving twenty- five attacked? 
dead and twenty-six prisoners. The inhabitants 



160 



COLONIAL HISTORF. 



What was 
judged ne- 
cessary ? 



Who had 

iBvaded the 

Niagara 

frontier ? 



What was 
the result? 



How many 

were 
execnted f 

Who was 

Von 
Schouiti? 

How did he 
behave ? 



How were 
the offen- 
ders treated 
by the Go- 
vernment ? 



What may 

have 
occurred ? 

To whom 
does this 
author attri- 
bute this 
rebellion t 



were so much provoked by these repeated 
invasions of their homes that it was judged 
necessary no longer to forgive, and several of the 
ringleaders were put to death, and the rest con- 
demned to severe punishments. Indeed the whole 
frontier was assailed with continual invasions— a 
party of one thousand or twelve hundred had, early 
in June, crossed the Niagara river and endeavoured 
to excite the people to insurrection. After setting 
fire to an inn and takiitg fourteen of the Provincial 
Lancers prisoners, on hearing of the approach of the 
troops, they hastily re-crossed the country, leaving 
forty prisoners, among whom were the first and 
second in comm.and. 

10. Six of the Prescott invaders and three of Dr. 
Hume's murderers were executed. The leader of 
the former was a Pole by birth ; his name was 
Yon Schoultz^ and he was merely a military adven- 
turer. He had fought with skill and courage, and 
died bravely and without complaint, except of the 
false representations which had caused him to join 
this worthless cause. Nearly all the political offen- 
ders have since been pardoned, and very great 
leniency was shown generally by the English 
Governmentto the insurgents. Occasionally there 
may have been instances of apparent harshness, 
and })erhaps such cases could not have been avoided. 

11. Thus, says an eloquent author/ " ended the 
■ Canadian rebellion ; the handiwork of a few poli- 
tical knaves and desperate adventurers acting on 



* Vide ricchelaga, or England in Ihe New World, edited 
by Eliot Warburton, Esq., author of The Cresizeat and^^the 
Cross. Vol. I, Page 41. 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 



161 



the passions and ignorance of a portion of a virtuous 
and peaceful people. Whatever may have been 
their wrongs, real or imaginary, such an attempt at 
redress was but a murderous folly. Without arms, 
money, or combination — with leaders only con- 
spicuous by cowardice and incapacity — with only 
sufficient spirit to prosecute their first success by an 
atrocious assassination — unsupported, discounten- 
anced by the mass of the intelligent and wealthy 
even of their own race, opposed by the more war- 
like and energetic inhabitants of the Upper Province, 
they threw themselves madly into the field against 
the greatest of earthly powers, their only allies — the 
robber refuse of a neighbouring population." 

12. A period of tranquillity now ensued, during 
which great interest was excited by the proposal of 
a Union between the two Provinces. It was 
strongly recommended by Lord Durham, and in 
Upper Canada the House of Assembly declared 
themselves in favour of it on certain conditions, 
but objections were raised by the Legislative 
Council which induced the government to postpone 
the measure. 

13. A Bill was passed to continue the extraor- 
dinary powers which had been granted to Sir John 
Colborne during the rebellion in Lower Canada, it 
beieg thought desirable rather to prevent than to 
quell these insurrectionary movements. In the 
autumn of this year, the Right Honourable Mr. 
Charles Poulett Thomson, formerly President of 
the Board of Trace, was nominated to the impor- 
tant office of Governor-General. He soon after 
communicated a proposition from the EngHsh Go- 
vernment to unite the Provinces, both to be repre- 

02 



What does 
he call it^ 



How does 
he describe 
their pro- 
ceedings t 



— their as- 
sociates f 



In what 
manner 
does he con- 
clude? and 
what does 
he call their 
allies ? 
1839 
What en- 
sued ? 



What mea- 
sure was 
recommend- 
ed? 
Was it 
adopted ? 



For what 
purpose 

was a Bill 
passed? 

Why was 
this done ? 

Who was 
appointed to 
the office of 
Governor- 
General 1 



What pro- 
position did 
he make? 



162 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



sented equally in the New Legislature, that they 
were to agree to a sufficient Civil List, and that the 
charge of the principal part of the debt of Upper 
Canada was to fall on the United Province. This 
Was it ^yas agreed to in both the Legislative Council and 

agreed to 1 ° ° 

When did it the House of Assembly of that Province, and in 
la epace. ^j^^ Special Council of Lower Canada, and the 
Union came into operation in 1840. 
Of what 14. TheL egislature now consists of the Governor- 
Legislature General and two Houses — the Legislative Council 
By whom and the Legislative Assembly. The members of 
Legislative the Legislative Council, thirty-four in number, are 
ciiosen? appointed for life by the Crown, and are chosen 
from among the inhabitants who are the most 
conspicuous for character, intelligence, and wealth » 
What io said The Legislative Assembly consists of eighty-four 
Legislative members, half from each Province; they are elected 
^^™ ' by the people. The qualification for voters, in 
What is the point of fact, almost amounts to universal suffrage, 
tion^neces"- as one out ofsix in the Province has the power to 
voter^i vote fro-m paying ten pounds of annual rent, or by 
owning a freehold of forty shillings' yearly value. 
Of what The Executive Council, or Ministry, consists of a 
Executive few officials who perform all the duties of adminia- 
consist ? tration under the Governor. 

To what 15. It is not intended to bring down this history 
intended'fo later than the Union of the Provinces. We add 
^hi"tory ?^ only a few notices of events which have occurred 
lidd*eVl since that period. 
How did the 16. A few months after the Union a general 
terminate ? election took place, which was favourable to the 
Government in its results. Lord Sydenham (for- 
merly Mr. P. Thomson) addressed the House in a 
sound and conciliatory speech which was well 
t]rjTa\rof received. He did not live, however, to^see his 



CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. 



163 



measures carried into execution. He fell from his Sydenham? 

horse, and died in great torture. He was buried 

at Kingston b)' his own desire. Lord Sydenham By whom, 

, was Lord 

was succeeded by Sir Charles Jiagot, who was soon Sydenham 

succeeded ^ ■ 

after a sufferer from ill health, and died at Kingston 
in May 184-3. 

17. In 1843 Sir Charles Metcalfe, afterwards when dia 

1 1 1 1 • • Lord Mei- 

Lord Metcalfe, succeeded to the admmistration. caife arrive? 
He had been formerly Governor of Jamaica, where Whatissaid 
he had very great difficulties to contend with, but govemmen i 
overcame them all, gaining the admiration, love, 
and respect of the inhabitants, and the fullest 
approbation of the Government at home. Unfor- why did it© 
tunately continued ill health obliged him to return hon"e" 
to England in 184f^, and he was succeeded by the .^y whom 

° "^ has he heen 

Earl Cathcart, the Commander of the Forces in succeeded?. 
British North America. 

18« We cannot better conclude this work than 
in the language of the author whom we have 
already quoted. 

1 9. " The present is, beyond all doubt, the time of "What do«» 

-, 1 , . -, I I • 1 ^'"^ author. 

Canada's greatest prosperity ; Irom the highest to sayoniie 
the lowest — merchant, farmer, tradesman, labourer Biate of 
— their hands are full of business, their profits and 
wages are ample ; there is scarcely a shadow for 
the ^discontented to lay hold of. The country Towhat 
has now only begun to arrive at that degree of maturity 
maturity, when trade takes its great start. "We ^arrSv^^r 
should recollect that English Canada is more than 
a century younger than the trading districts of the 
United States ; it is unfair to compare their progress is it fair to 
in commerce hitherto, for, till very recently, the ^\wi^h*the^ 
conditions of this country were such as to render ^^ ' 
the former merely anxious for, and busied in, the 



164 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



What is said 
of the pro. 
^ress made 
in the last 
few years ? 



Repeat his 
prayer 1 



"What does 

he 
announce ? 



What does 

he 
anticipate 1 



How does 

he regard 

the path of 

the warrior! 



support of life, the primitive pursuits of husbandry- 
being the only occupation of the people. As num- 
bers increased and towns enlarged, wealth and 
intelligence were brought to bear, and the last five, 
ten, fifteen years show a change in these Provinces 
almost incredible." 

20. " May it seem fit to the Great Euler of all 
Councils that our future rivalry may be only in 
wcrks of peace, in the increase and happiness of 
our people. Even now, while a degree of mutual 
irritation and distrust exists, I earnestly breathe a 
wish, express a hope, ay ! announce a faith — that 
the bright day, which philanthrophists have dreamt 
of, poets seen in the visions of fancy, and the 
inspired page of prophesy foretold, is not far distant ; 
when the spread of enlightenment, civilization, and 
above all, Christianity, among the nations of the 
earth, will do away for ever with the stern and 
terrible necessity of the sword ; when the dazzling 
light, which fame now throws upon the names of 
those who direct victorious armies, may be looked 
upon but as a false meteor, their records known 
only as a memory of a by-gone and mistaken 
glory." 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPnON OF CANADA. 165 



PART IV. 

Geographical Description of Canada. 

CHAPTER I. 

CONTENTS. 

Extent of British America — Canada— its Boundaries — 
Mountains — Inland Waters — Lake Superior — the Pic- 
tured Rocks — the Cascade — the Copper Mines — St. Mary's 
Channel — Lake Huron — Indians of Manitoulin Island, 

1. British America stretches across the Hownir 

TIT /-. A does British 

Western Continent, from the Atlantic to America 
the Pacific Ocean. — It forms a region of im- ho'w much 
mense extent, embracing considerably more than a tinenVdoe's 
third part of the whole continent. A great portion wimtYs'JSd 
of this vast space wears an aspect peculiarly ponion^of 
gloomy, being buried the greater part of the year ^'"s space? 
under snow, and producing nothing valuable except 
the skins and furs of the wild animals that roam 
over its surface. 

2. Many of these outer tracts are indeed un- what part^ 
known to Britain herself. The smaller and more America are 
important part, which has been reduced into Pro- noifce"?" 
vinces, and is gradually falling into cultivation, is, 
however, rising into notice. These Provinces are How are 
of two classes — first, the Inland Portions, watered 
only by great lakes and rivers, and, secondly, the 
Maritime Provinces. Canada belongs to the first 



these Pro- 

vinces 

divided ' 



166 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

of Canada?'^ class, and is more extensive, more productive, and 
more populou?, than all the Maritime Provinces 
united ; it is also the principal resort of Emigrants 
from the Mother Country. 

What is the 3. Canada proper extends from Gasp6 in the 

extent of ^ ' ^ 

Canada? Gulf of St. Lawrence in the east, to Sandwich 

at the end of Lake Erie in the west, a distance of 

about eleven hundred miles. Throughout this 

By what whole length its shores are washed to the west by 

its shores Lake Huron, to the south-east by Lakes Erie and 

How does Ontario, and the St. Lawrence as far as to the 

Lawrence boundary of the forty-fifth parallel of latitude. 

parsing the After passing this boundary the great river flow^ 

ary ^[jfQug]^ ^^g centre of the Province to the sea. 
How is ca- 4, Canada is bounded, on the north, by the 

nadabound- -^ ^ v 

ed on the Hudson's Bay territory ; on the east, by Labrador, 

north r •' . ^ :> j ' 

— on the the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and New Brunswick : 

easti ' . ' 

^ on the on the south, by the United States until the line 
strikes the St. Lawrence at St. Regis in latitude 
45^ and longitude 72^ 4-0' west, about seventy- 

whatthen five milcs above Montreal. From that point the 

divides . ■,■,■, t • i i ■r* • • i • • /• 

these coun- rivers and lakes divide the British territories trom 

wher?does the United States. The line passes through the 

^pass ? St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario up the Niagara 

river, which it follows as far as to Lake Erie. 

After leav- After passing through Lake Erie it enters the 

^"Erie^*' Detroit river and Lake St. Clair, it then passes 

through the St. Clair river to Lake Huron, and 

finally through the St. JMary's river to Lake Superior. 

whatissaid The western limit is very vague ; but usage does 

not extend it farther than this lake. Canada may 

therefore be described as lying between the meri- 

does' ' jjians of 57° 50' and 90° west, and the parallels of 

Canada he? 

4-2'^ and 52^ north, being about thirteen hundred 



of the wes- 

tern limit 

of Canada ? 

Where then 



OF CANADA. 167 

miles from east to west, and seven hundred from ^^^ ^|^j|'_® 

north to south. The area is estimated at three "^>^^^^ ' 
hundred and forty-eight thousand square miles. 

5. This Province, as has been mentioned in a wimtisihe 

derivation 

former part of this work, derives its name from the or the word 

^ ' . Canada 1 

Iroquois word Kanata, which signifies a collection 

of huts, which the early settlers caught from the How was it 

natives, and mistook for the name of the country. 

This opinion is strengthened by the fact that the Mention » 

well known Indian Chief Brant, in his translation Jiv^nrocfT 

of the gospel of St. Matthew, always uses the 

word Canada to signify a village. 

6. Extensive as this Province may now be, it is "Whfliiss'iiH 

•' ' of Canada 

yet very different indeed from what it originally was. J^ regard to 

•z -' ° -^ Its present 

In the reisrn of George III. it included a great ex- siz«-' . 

^ ^ ^ How far did 

tent of what is now New England, and the whole it extend in 

llie reign of 

of the country between the State of Pennsylvania, George iii ?, 
the river Ohio, and the Mississippi north to the 
Hudson's Bay Territory, where now a great por- 
tion of the rich and flourishing Western States add 
their strength to the neighbouring republic. By 
gradual encroachments on one hand, and conces- means im« 
sions on the other — by the misconstruction of from vfs t 
treaties, and the division of boundaries, have these 
vast and valuable tracts of country been separated 
from the British Empire. 

6. Canada consists of a very extensive plain, or what 

11 /» I • 1 1 .,t ^^^^ Can/ida 

Situated between two ranges oi nigh hills, one on now con- 

sist ^ 

the north, the other on the south. The most which por- 

valuable portions of it are the grounds, that stretch *l[le mos! 

along the borders of the St. Lawrence and the '''•"^'''«' 

Lakes. Some of the mountains on the north shore wk .- i 
are upwards of two thousand feet hagh, as are also "^'^'^ - 

^ ° ' mountain* -' 

«onae of those in Gasp6 and the Eastern Town- 



168 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

approach ships. Both in the npper part of the Quebec 

the shore! District, and in Gasp6, the hills press on the banks 

of the river, giving to it an air of much grandeur. 

As they Higher up they recede, and form on either side a 

^irfouml^r gradually widening and beautiful plain, susceptible 

What does ofthe most perfect cultivation. In the upper part 

this level ^ , i • i i 

tract 01 the country this level tract attains a very great 

breadth, and partly includes the basin of the noble 

How does it Stream of the Ottawa, in the west it appears to 

oITihe'west? terminate with Lake Huron, for the northern sheet 

of that fine piece of water, as well as of Lake 

Superior, is flanked by mountains. 

What is the 7. The most striking peculiarity of this noble 

chief pecu- _ _ *^ ^ 

liarityof region is its waters, particularly its immense lakes, 

this region? f. , . -, , i ^ ^ 

which, in respect to depth and extent of surface, 

have no equal on the face of the earth. The 

What is said Caspian Sea certainly exceeds the largest of these 

pian Sea"? lakes separately considered, but that great body of 

salt water has no outlet, whereas the Canadian 

Canadian Lakos suppIy, without apparent diminution, the 

vast stream ofthe St. Lawrence. 

Which is 8. Lake Superior is the largest of these inland 

ofthese^ seas, and indeed the most extensive body of fresh 

LakesT water in the world. Its form is that of an irregular 

^ Lake *^ cresccnt, and its length is estimated at three hun- 

What'^isVts ^^^^ ^"^ s^^ty geographical miles. Its surface 

heighti . appears to be one hundred and twenty-seven feet 

above the level ofthe Atlantic, and its shores afford 

indications of its having once been forty or fifty feet 

. , ., , higher. The bottom of its basin is supposed to be 

— Its depth? *= ^^ 

five hundred feet below the surface of the Atlantic. 

What is said In violent gales the waves rise nearly as high as 

those ofthe ocean ; and, though there are no tides, 

the wind, when it blows strongly from any point, 



OP CANADA. 169 

throws the water with great force on the opposite 
shore* 

9. It is remarkable that, while every other large Relate a 

' ^ o remarkable 

lake is fed by rivers of the jBrst order, this, the most circum- 

•^ , stance con- 

capacious on the face of the globe, does not receive nected with 

mi o r • this Lake? 

a third or even a fourth rate stream. The St Louis, what is th« 
the most considerable, has a course of not more 'stfLouu*?** 
than one hundred and fifty miles. This deficiency jj^,^ jg ^,,1^ 
is, however, amply supplied by not less than two ^p^ed"^' 
hundred and twenty tributary rivers and streams, 
which pour in their waters from the surrounding 
mountains. 

10. There are several remarkable things con- what is said 
nected with Lake Superior. Its waters are so wate^s^'of 
perfectly transparent that they render rocks, even su^eri^or ? 
at extraordinary depths, distinctly visible — which 

is caused by the mud and sand having time to How is this 
subside. The temperature of summer is never wha'tTs'^ re- 
gained by these waters ; for, if in July a bottle ^egSVo^he 
be sunk to the depth of one hundred feet, and -rsummw? 
there filled, and then brought up to the surface, its 
contents are found to be like ice-water. 

11. On the south side of the lake are the Pic- Describe the 
tured Rocks, which are immense cliffs rising to an Rocks^ 
elevation of three hundred feet above its level, and 
stretching along its coast for fifteen miles. They Whence do 
are called the Pictured Eocks in consequence of the^r name^? 
the different appearances v^hich they present to 

the traveller as he passes their base in his canoe. 
It requires but little aid from the imagination to What do 
discern in them castellated towers, lofty domes ^^^\ie?^"^' 
and spires, pinnacles, and every grotesque or 
sublime shape which the genius of architecture 
ever invented. The vot/ageurs never pass this 

P 



170 



GEOGRAPHICAL J)E&CmPTi6t( 



"What IS said 

of the voya- 

geurs? and 

of the 

Indians % 



Name other 

two 

remarkable 

objects i 



Describe the 
Cascade ? 



What has 

the action of 

the water 

formed ? 



What is 
heard from 

these 
caverns ? 



Of what 

does the 

Doric Arch 

consist 1 



With what 
feeling are 
these won- 
ders view- 
ed? and 
why] 



What is said 

of a young 

lady who 

crossed 

Lake 

Superior % 



eoast except in the most profound calm j and the 
Indians, before they make the attempt, offer their 
accustomed oblations to propitiate the favour of 
their Manitous or Guardian Spirits. 

12. The Cascade of La Portaille, and the Doric 
Arch, are other two remarkable objects an thi» 
shore. The Cascade consists of a considerable 
Stream precipitated from a height of seventy feels 
by a single leap into the lake to such a distance 
that a boat may pass beneath the fall and the rock 
perfectly dry. This immense wall of rock is of 
sandstone, and is worn away by the continual 
action of the water, which has undermined every 
projecting point to such a degree that this lofty pre- 
cipice rests upon arches, and is intersected by 
caverns in every direction. Through these caverns 
the wind rushes with a sound as raelanchdy and as' 
awful as any which ever vibrated upon the human 
ear. 

13. The Doric Arch has all the appearance of a 
work of art; and consists of an isolated mass of 
sandstone with four pillars supporting an entabla- 
ture of stone, covered with soil, on which grows a- 
beautiful grove of pine and spruce trees, some of 
them sixty feet in height. While viewing these 
wonders of nature, a sense of insecurity attends 
vou, as a sudden storm upon the lake would as 
inevitably cause the destruction of your frail canoe 
as if it were on the brink of the cataract of 
Niagara. 

14i. A young lady, who crossed Lake Superior a 
[ew years since in a canoe, described her sensa- 
tions to the writer as being very peculiar. Seated 
at the bottom of the canoe which was covered 
with nice soft skins, and accompanied by only two 



DP CANADA. 171 

persons, the lady and gentleman to whose house she ^^y^ ^1^°^. 
was going, she felt like a bird floating along <^'''?P^°^^5!i 

fe es7 DO and how did 

through space, as under the direction of their Indian she feei ? 
guide they glided over the lake. The water w^as What effects 

^ •' ° did the 

SO remarkably transparent that, when she looked transparen- 

over the side of the frail bark to the rocks and water pro- 
duce 1 
stones and long tangling weeds in the depth below, 

all idea of water vanished, and she seemed to be 

buoyant in the air. 

15. The tributary rivers and streams, though not Whatissaia 
large, pour into this lake a greater volume of rivers and 
water than what forms its exit at the only outlet, the ^ r^^^s . 
Falls of St. Mary's. This is generally thought to How is thii 
be caused by the immense evaporation continually ^*^^fo""^®'^ 
going on, and which would be much greater, were 

it not for the dense covering of wood, and the long 
continuance of frost in this region. The vast cop- ^j^ j^ 
per mines, lately discovered here, and which J^^^^ecuiiar* 
promise to become a source of wealth both to the ly Jnterest- 

' ing at pre- 

United States and Canada, render this portion sent? 
of our country peculiarly interesting at this time. 

16. The surplus waters of Lake Superior enter, into what 

^ . ^ ' Channel do 

near its south-eastern extremity, into St. Mary's the surplus 

waters of 

Channel, by which they are transmitted to Lake this Lake 

enter ? 

Huron more than forty miles distant. About mid- where are 
way are St. Mary's Falls, where the current forces ^'jr^i^r' 
its way through broken rocks with a tremendous 
noise. The swift flowing billows and whitened Describe its 
waters, are hurried with velocity over a slope of ^amfthe 
huge boulder stones through a thickly wooded *^pa"ses *' 
country, whose want of elevation on either side ^**''""s*» • 
has permitted the formation of a number of islets, 
divided by channels, which are narrow on the left, 
but widen on the right bank. Its bed is from one 



172 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIFTIOIf. 

"i*tTbe'd>''^ mile to one mile and a half wide. These rapids 
^^^}^l^^ cannot be ascended, but canoes, though with great 

rapids be 7 7 t. o 

ascended? danger, sometimes shoot downwards. A schooner. 

What vessel belonging to the North West Company, sometime 

down thJm^ ^§^ came down in safety, which is the first instance 

of a passage being accomplished by a vessel of any 

considerable size. This passage may be avoided 

How may by a portage of about two miles, over which the 

avoided 1 Indians carry the canoes and launch them into 

Lake Huron. 
What may 17, This lake may be said to have three sides — 
^Lake*' two belonging to Canada, and the third to the 
"'^°" United States. Its extreme length is about two 
What is its hundred and forty miles, its breadth not less than 
breadtli^^and ^^^^ hundred and twenty miles, and its circumfer- 
*^"^ence^r' ^"^® ^^ supposed to be nearly one thousand. Its 
State its surface is only thirty-two feet lower than that of Lake 
^^^^d*t*" Superior, and it is equally distinguished by the 
depth? brilliancy of its waters and its extraordinary depth, 
estimated at nine hundred or one thousand feet. 
Lake Huron is the second in succession, as well 
What is said as in magnitude, of this great chain of lakes, 
o t 13 a e ^ range of islandis runs parallel with its north- 
How was ern shore, and with the peninsula of Cabot 
Lake^fornf- separates almost completely the upper part from 
®'^^yjjf*^^' the main, so that it was considered by the earlier 
discoverers as a distinct basin. Among these 
What is said islands the chief is the Great Manitoulin or Sacred 
"^'sacred Isle, which is viewed by the Indians with peculiar 
^^^^ ■ " awe as the abode of the Great Spirit. 1 1 is se venty- 
Whatisits five milcs long, and in some places twenty-five 
^^^^" miles broad. The two islets of St. Joseph and 
tier Stations Drummond are fortified as frontier stations — the 



are men 



tioned ?' former by Britain, the latter by the United States. 



OP CANADA. 173 

18. The principal British naval station on Lake ^^ll^l^J' 
Huron is Penetanguishine in Georgian Bay. It is nava^j*^ 
sheltered bv hills of sand and rolled blocks, bearing 4J?^>o° •' 

J ' D What ap- 

evidence of the " war of waters" when this fine pearance 

docs this 

country was covered with the inland sea, upoa the region pre- 
surface of which only occasional tops of mountains 
and lines of rocky ridges were to be seen, like 
islands studding the vast expanse. 

1.9. The islands of La Cloche form a charming Whatissaid 
contrast to the bleak hills on the northern shore, islands of 
which rise one thousand feet above the level of the andthenor- 
iake. The name of La Cloche is derived from the -^[ 

Whence is 

belief that some of the islands are composed of ''!^ »»"?? 

^ derived ? 

dark rocks, which, when struck, sound like a bell. 

20. Near its north-western point a narrow How is Lake 

• I T 1 i»/f. 1 . 1 . 1 • Huron con- 

strait connects it with Lake Michigan, which is nected with 

entirely included within the United States' boundary. Michigan ? 

The view injto this lake from Michillimackinack what is said 

Isle, which lies in tlie strait of that name, is pecuh- into Lake 

arly pleasing ; the pretty hamlet of St. Jgnace,. the De'Jcri^eU? 

high white cliffs contrasted with the foliage around, 

and the 1)1 ue light streaming through the sound from 

the vast lake beyond, offer a rich, treat to the lovers 

of natural scenjery. 

21. We hope our readers have not forgotten which^of 

, . . , . , , 1 > /. *'^'^ French 

that it was in the neighbourhood of Lake Huron fdiecoverers 
that Cham plain passed a winter with the Indians, winter here? 
They were then a warlike and powerful race, what were 
" sovereigns of the land and of the lake." Now, ^^^^ "'*" ' 

° 'In what 

howe\^r, it is very different ; the natives of the soil state are 

they now ? 

are scattered and weakened, their numbers dimin- 
ished, and their power extinguished. The Govern- whatissaid 
ment, however,, aad others, are trying to give them ''now ^^t""*" 
the benefits of civilization, and to convert them to '"£■ 

P 2 



174 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 



How ought 
they to be 
reffarded 1 



What used 
to take 

place at 
Drujnmond 

Island T 

From what 

places did 

the visiting 

Indians 

come : 



What is said 
of the Bri- 
tish Govern- 
ment ? 



In what 

state was 

the Indian 

settlement 

found 1 



When was 
the present 

settlement 
commenced? 



What is said 
of the dis- 
tribution of 

1836? 

What plan 
was formed 
by Sir Fran° 

cis Head ? 

Did this 
meet the ap- 
probation of 
the Indians? 



Christianity ; and, though it must be owned that 
the Indians are less picturesque in civilized than in 
savage life, we must rejoice at the changes taking 
place among them. 

22. Previously to 1829 a distribution of presents 
used to take place to ihe Western Indians at. 
Drummond's Island. These visiting Indians came 
from the north of Penetanguishine, from Sault Ste. 
Marie and the shores of Lake Superior, from the 
south-west and Lake Michigan, Green Bay, the Fox 
River, Wisconsin, and even from the distant Mis- 
sissippi. In 1829, however, Drummond's Island 
being finally ceded to the Americans, and the British 
Government being desirous of ascertaining the dis- 
position of the Indians to embrace civilization, the 
distribution of presents was made first at St. Joseph's 
Island, and afterwards at Penetanguishine. In the 
spring of 1835 the Government determined to 
settle the Indians on Manitoulin Island, consisting of 
five or six families of the Ottawa tribe, who had 
settled at Wequamekong Bay. Th^se, with a few 
Chippewas, amounted to about seventy or eighty 
persons. In 1836 the present settlement at Man- 
itowawning was commenced. When the first issue 
of presents took place, it was attended by twenty- 
six hundred and ninety-seven individuals. Sir 
Franeis Head was present, and formed the idea of 
collecting at Manitoulin, not only the wild Indians 
from the north of Lake Huron, as had at first been 
proposed, but all those who had settled or were 
wandering among the white population in various 
parts of Upper Canada. This design, however, 
does not seem to be approved of by the settled 
Indians, Those who have accepted the offers made 



OF CANADA. 



175 



them by the Government are chiefly belonging to the trU>es^do uie 
Ottawa and Chippewa tribes. beionr^ 

23. There is a decided difference between these Whatissai.i 

of the 

tribes. The Ottawas, who emigrated from the ouawasi 

United States,, have been all their Hves Indian 

farmers, and immediately began to cuhivate the 

soil, and cure the fish for winter's use, so that it 

was not necessary for them to leav^e their homes in 

search of food. The Chippe was, on the contrary, — oftiie 

who had never, until collected at Manitoulin, cuhi' 

vated the soil, were slow in adopting a new mode 

of life. For sometime they were reluctant to re- How did 

main in a fixed place of residence ; they frequently ducfthem- 

shifted their camps, and it required much persua- '^^'^^^'^ 

vsion to induce them to join the settlements. 

^. 24', In the village of Wequamekong there are WhatisBaid 

now seventy-eight buildings, a church, a school- mekong? 

house, and a saw-mill. The Ottawas have long Ofwhat 

° religion are 

been converted to the Roman Catholic religion, tiie 

, , . ... .11 , o ' Ottawas 1 

and have a priest residmg with them, who appears 
to have the entire control. The Manitowawning What is said 
village contains fifty-five buildings, a school-house, wawning ? 
saw-mill, large store, and Protestant church. The aniouiuof 
population of the island is about seven hundred. popuia^tion ? 
25. The men now do most of the chopping ; but. Do tue 

/•I I Ml 1 r M ^ /• 1 women siiil 

after that, the women still take a lull share of the iiabourin 

labours of the field. Their fondness for hunting and what 

fishing is diminished, so that they seldom leave the havTbee^^ 

island for either purpose. They are more regular lin*^ their 

in their habits, dress more like white people, wash "^ ' '^ 
their hands and faces daily, and appear to be 

influenced by the instructions they receive. They _ ;„ their 

attend public worship regularly, their moral habits "^pYniorrBV 
are improved, and they do not talk of* their ancient 



176 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRlPriON 



sion; 



mode of cruel warfare with the same delight as 
formerly. In fact the changes, which have taken 
l^/'condu-*^ place here and elsewhere, would have delighted the 
heart of Champlain, if he had lived to witness them, 
for I hope you have not forgotten the memorable 
saying of this excellent man, " That the conver- 
sion of one soul was of more value than the con^ 
quest of an empire." 



CHAPTER II. 

CONTENTS. 

Lake Huron — The Huron District-r-The Chippewas of 
Saugeen — Laki St. Clair — Indian Settlements at the St. 
Clair Rapids and Walpole Island — Lake Erie — French 
Settlement on the Detroit — Indian Settlement near Am- 
herstburg — Ports on Lake Erie — Grand River — Niagara 
River — Falls of Niagara — Queenston — Lewiston — Forf& 
on the Niagara. 

whatissaid 1. There is nothing worthy of remark on the 
of Lake south-wcst or American shorc of Lake Huron. The 
eastern side, on the contrary, forms one of the 
— of the finest portions of America. On this elevated shore 
iract"? ^'^ situated the noble tract termed the Huron Dis- 
trict belonging to the Canada Company. It is of a 
Df8cMb«it? triangular form, commencing in latitude iS*^ 5 
north, and extending about sixty miles. The whole 
of the land is very fertile with an undulating surface. 

u . i. It is watered by numberless streams, insomuch that, 

watered ? \^ ^hc tract to the southward of Goderich, in a dis- 
tance of thirty miles, eighty-seven rivers, rivulets, 
and brooks fall into Lake Huron, or nearly three to 
a mile. 



OF CANADA. 177 

2. The principal rivers are the Maitland, fornlerly ^^e^^lfdTtSi' 
called the Menesetuagh, an Indian word said to mean n^mp of the 

° ' Maitland f 

" the wide-mouthed river," the Albert, the Bayfield, Mention the 
the Aux Sables, so named from the sandy plains "hroUier 
through which it passes, the Avon, and the Thames, "^^^^ 
which with its numerous tributaries unite in one 
stream in the township of London, and join the 
main river Thames at the town of London. The Where fioes 
Nith, which rises in an extensive sw-amp of about rise ? 
thirty miles in length in the north-eastern part cf Where «Joe« 
the district, runs in a south-east direction, and, after ^ GranV^ 
passing through Ellice, Easthope, Wilmot, Waterloo, ^'^^' ^ 
and Dumfries, joins the Grand River or Ouse at Paris 
nearBrantford. 

3. There is reason to believe that this tract of what is said 
land was under water at no very distant period, '^onanlfr* 
There are ridges of gravel and stone rolled, till what np- 
rounded in water, running from south-west to **d"e8"iT* 
north-east in every direction, showing that the P''^^*'"' * 
waters have receded and left these dry. There is one Mention a 
peculiarity in the Huron District ; the large swamp, which exiJs 
already alluded to, exists on the very highest land 

in the District, and feeds most of the rivers in it 
before mentioned. It must be five hundred feet How high is 
above the level of the lake, and consequently nearly 
twelve hundred feet above the level of the sea. 

4. A phenomenon, which has puzzled philoso- What mar 
phers, is easily comprehended in a walk along the hende.T^n\i 
shoresof Lake Huron. In many parts of Canada ^shores of'*' 
and the United States long sand-bars are formed Huron i 
across the mouths of rivers and deep bays. This where is 
is observable prominently at Aux Sables, which vabiei 
runs parallel to Lake Huron for eleven miles, the 

space between being filled up by a sand-bar formed 



nS GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

Where else by the river : at Long Point too, and at Erie 

does tins •' J & 7 

^^^relen'r (formerly Presqu' Isle) on Lake Erie, and at Bur- 

iiseif? lington Bay and Toronto on Lake Ontario. This 

How is this si'ises ffom the prevalent wind being from the 

caused ? north-west, which inclines the stream at the mouth 

of rivers in that direction ; and, where the waves of 

the lake are neutralized by the force of the stream, 

What is the t^g ^^j qy sand Contained in both naturally 

couse- J 

quence? deposits itscIf in the still water, 
^vhat was 5. The population of Huron is increasing amaz- 
Districtiri i^^gly^ In 1830, it was a wildcmcss ; in 184"!, it 
Estimate its ("contained 5,100; in 1842, 7,300; in 1843, 
popuiSn? 11,400; in 1844, 14,000; this year the popula- 
tion amounts to nearly 20,000. Goderich, the 
GoSifjf? capital of the District, contains upwards of 1000 
inhabitants. It is beautifully situated on a 
steep bank, one hundred and thirty feet high, look- 
ing down on Lake Huron and the confluence of 
the Maitland. It has five churches of different 
denominations, a Court-House, stores, and inns, 
and possesses an excellent harbour. 
When the 6. When Sir Francis Head obtained from the 
tciTilory Chippcwas of Saugcon, Lake Huron, the surrender 
derld^ what of the large tract of land lying north of the Gore 
SrveV^for and London Districts, he reserved for their use the 
the Indians] g^^gjjgj^g peninsula lying between the Huron tract 
and Georgian Bay, north of Owen's Sound, and 
now long supposed to contain about 450,000 acres. These 
been'^chliJ- Chippcwas have been settled and converted to 
tijinized] Christianity since 1831, and give satisfactory proof 
of their desire for civilization and improvement. A 
Tninis^ter?'^ JMissiouary, who is an Indian brought up at the 
Rue Lake Mission, is settled amongst them. They 
What do have a chapel and a mission house, which were 

they 

possess : built by the Wesleyan Methodist Society. 



Oi' CANADA* 179 

7. This mission is beautifully situated, and fine Sff,^Sn"nr 
flats extend along the river, where the Indians cut .*•'.'' , 

° ' mission * 

sufficient hay for their oxen and cows, and grow 
excellent corn. The mouth of the Saugeen River yhaidoes 

" the baugeeu 

forms the best and almost only port of refuge on river ofler? 

the eastern shore of Lake Huron. Hence it is 

likely to become a place of considerable resort. 

These Indians are entitled to share in the annuity what an 

_ . , f I nuity do 

of £12r>0 recently granted in exchange lor the these Jn- 

_, . " „, , , , ,, dians share? 

Saugeen territory. 1 hey nave been remarkable 
for their steadfastness since they embraced Chris- 
tianity. They appear to be a happy people, much For what 
attached to their Missionary, are teachable, and give '^Veen *^^ 
solid proofs that they are progressing in civilization. "^^^^^^^ ^• 
They are about two hundred in number. There infp7oving> 
is another settlement of Chippewas at Beausoleil ^ihe^oiher^ 
Island, Lake Huron, rather larger and chiefly g^ttieraents? 
Roman Catholics ; and a third at Big Bay, Owen's 
Sound, of about one hundred and thirty. This 
i« also a Mission station of the Wesleyan Metho- 
dists, whose zeal in this good work cannot be 
too highly spoken of. 

8. Lake Huron pours out its surplus waters, at By what 
its southern extremity, thus carrjMng in that direc- Like'^Hur^n 
tion the great chain of communication by the iiswaiers*? 
river St. Clair. This expands into Lake St. Clair, into what 
about twenty-six miles long, and nearly the same thisexprDd? 
in breadth. Its shores are as yet not well settled, what is said 
There is, however, a settlement of Chippewas and indian*"^ 
Pottawatamies on the St. Clair Rapids, consisting 

of nearly eight-hundred persons. Previously to inwhatcon- 
1830 they were wandering hunters, scattered over ''iE prZ^ 
the western part of the Province. Sir John Colborne """S /* 
first endeavoured to settle and civilize them. They 



180 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

are now converted to Christianity, and are acquiring 

To what sober, orderly, and industrious habits. Generally 

they belong'? they belong to the Methodist Wesleyans and the 

Church of England, but there are a few Roman 

Catholics amongst them. A party risiding at Kettle 

Point are still heathens. 

By whom 9. Another Indian settlement at Walpole Island, 

Whs the S6t« 

uementat which Hcs at the junction of the River and Lake 

jf5iand com- St. Clair, was commenced by Colonel M'Kee, to 

whom the Indians gave the name of White Elk. 

To what At the close of the war he collected the scattered 

theybeiorig? remains of some tribes of Chippewas, who had 
engaged on the British side ; and several bands of 
Pottawatamies andOttawas have joined them since 
1836, in consequence of the Proclamation then 

Chmtiins? issued. They are all heathens except about 
twenty families, who have a Missionary belonging 
to the Church of England settled over them . Since 

What is said the death of their old Chief the aversion of these 

of their pre- 
sent sute ? Indians to become Christians has been much dimin- 
ished. In 1842 their numbers amounted to 
1140. 
.What runs 10. Lake St. Clair receives several rivers, the 
s". Clair ?^ principal of which, the Thames, winds for more than 
Name the One hundred miles. On its banks are situated 
^^^ankeV^* London, Chatham, and several other towns which 
are rapidly rising into importance. From Lake St. 
For what is Clair issues the Detroit, a spacious stream celebrat- 
river ceie- od for the bcauty and fertility of the surrounding 
country. Both the river and the lake are, however, 
extremely shallow. 
Into what H* After running twenty-six miles the Detroit 
thf Detr*ou opons into the grand expanse of Lake Erie. It is 
river open ? ^^^^^ ^^yQ hundred and forty-four miles long, and, 



XiV CANADA. 1^1 

^'t its centre, fifty-eight miles broad, its circum- ^^^^^t^'I" 
ference being estimated at somewhat less than six ''Jfr^^fii?.*^ 
hundred and fifty-eight miles. The surface is jj^^^«^-^,^ 
said to be ^ve hundred and sixty-five feet above [J^^^LaXe 
the level of the ocean, making it thirty feet lower Huron ? 
than Lake Huron. The depth sddom amounts to 
more than two hundred and seventy feet, and the "ow are the 
difficulties of the navigation are increased bv the of the navi- 

° ' gallon 

projecting promontories, which render a frequent increased? 
change of course necessary. There has hitherto what want 

^ "^ has been felt 

been on the Canadian side a great want ofontheCana- 

(lian shore? 

harbours, but several are now bemg lormed or 
improved by the Government. At the Rondeau, How is it 
Port Stanley, Port Maitland, and Port Colborne, remedied? 
expensive and important works are in progress, 
which will greatly benefit this part of the country. 

12. Lake Erie is said to be filling up by deposites How is the 
carried down by the rivers. Its shallowness can of La^k^ifrTe 
be accounted for in no other way, as it receives '^'^•^^P^^^®'^ 
through the Detroit the surplus waters of Lakes 

St. Clair, Huron, Michigan^ and Superior. 

13. This lake may be considered as a central in what light 
reservoir, from which open in all directions the 7akebe" 
most extensive channels of inland communication 

in the world. The coasts are almost equally How are the 
divided between the British and Americans, and diWde?? 
are very fertile and pleasing. The great canals what do the 
leading from it to the Hudson on the one side, '^^n'afs*^ 
and to the Ohio on the other, render it a medium of *^°""*<'^ ^ 
communication between the Atlantic, the Missis- 
sippi, and the Gulf of Mexico. The "Welland what is said 
Canal on the Canadian side, which joins it to Lake hmdcamd ii 
Ontario, forms a channel, by which in its 

Q 



182 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

enlarged state a considerable portion of the produce 

What is said of the Lake countries will be transmitted. The 

Government Governn\ent innprovements on this and the other 

nieius^ge^n- canals are on so noble a scale that, in another 

^ * year or two, vessels from Huron, Michigan, Erie, 

or Ontario may pass to the Ocean through the St. 

Whyiaii Lawrence. Lake Erie is the most dangerous of 

tolravd on the lakes to cross, as it is very subject to thunder 

Lake Erie? g^Qj-pn^g^ g^j suddcu gusts of wind, which render its 

navigation at all times extremely insecure. 
Where is 14<. One of the first settlements in Canada was 
first Cana^. made on the Detroit River by a few French 
**mem"'^" families, whose descendants are still to be found 
found ? ^^ j^g banks, retaining the manners and habits of 
What place their ancestors. It bears a striking resemblance to 
resemble? Lower Canada. For twenty or thirty miles are 
In what res- to be seen the village form of settlement, the 
^^*'''** long robed priest, the decent churcb, and the kind 
Describe the ^^^ ^ivil habitant. The country around is extremely 
(KTcoun- picturesque, the banks high and cultivatedj and the 
"'^'* eye every where rests upon fertile fields, well stock- 
— its climate ®^ gardens and orchards, extensive granges or baf ns, 
*'"uons1"*^" ^"^ "^^^ farm-houses. Its climate is delightful, and 
all kinds of grain, the finest grapes, peaches, nec- 
tarines, apples and pears grow in profusion. 
Which are *^* Saudwich and Amhorstburg are the princi- 
"towni^^ pal places on the Canadian side. The city of 
Detroit on the opposite bank belongs to the 
Whatia sniti United States. From the Detroit River the northern 
norii'iern shorc of the Lake is of a bolder character than 
shore: jj^^ Am.erican, the banks rising sometimes to the 
height of one hundred feet perpendicular. 
For what is ^^' ^^^^^^ Pelee is the southernmost point 
fe'?a?kabie? ^^ Canada ; the next is Pointe Aux Pins, from 



OP CANADA. 



183 



the harbour near it called the Rondeau. There ^^^nhe*'^ 
is a westerly route across the country to Cha- Rondeau? 
tham on the Thames. It is expected that, 
when completed, this route will be generally jy))^'route'b« 
used by the Americans, because much dangerous generally 
navigation will be saved, and the distance between 
Buffalo and Detroit will be considerably lessened, 

17. Near Amherstburg and Pointe Pel6e there is ^Jifeindfan 
an Indian settlement, consisting of about four hun- 'fgar^'J^^^ 
dred Chipnewas, Hurons, Munsees, and Shawnees. herstburg 

i i 7 ■} •) and Pomte 

The Chippewas are still heathens, and live in wig- „ f^i^e ' 

^ ^ ° Describe the 

warns, subsisting chiefly by hunting, and making condition of 
their women perform all the field work. was? 

18. Port Talbot is about equidistant from the wiiere is 
Niagara and the Detroit. This extensive and fine ^or'Taiboi? 
settlement was made in 1802 by Colonel Talbot, who found- 
who, after encountering very great difficulties, sue- setuement ? 
ceeded in laying out and opening roads, extending for 

about eighty miles parallel to, the lake. The inwhatstate 

° •' * IS It now ? 

whole is now densely filled with inhabitants. Be- 
tween Port Talbot and the Grand River lies a long Where is 

Long Point? 

peninsula called Long Point. It is a very fine and Describe it? 
well settled country, stretching eastward into the 
lake for about twenty miles, and forming a bay on 
its north-eastern shore. 

19. The lands lying at the mouth of the Grand whatissaid 
River are low and unhealthy, but, higher up, it runs '^ Rive^T'L^ 
through a country scarcely to be equalled in 
salubrity and loveliness. The whole of Oxford and _ of Oxford 
Middlesex counties are rich and fertile, and are ^"'^i^Jx*?''^*'' 
thickly populated. London on the Thames is the -ofLon- 
principal place. There is an old and extensive -lfl\x^ 
settlement on the Thames. In 1792 the remnant olJe'"" Vc 
o'i the Delaware Indians, Moravian Congregations '^Kt^'^ii^!^ 



184 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRlPTIOrT 



(lian settle- 
ment in 
Canada 
West r 



How was 
the first 
settlement 
destroyed ? 



Where do 

they now 

reside ? 



Where are 
the other 

tribes 
settled ? 



To what 
churches do 
they belong; 

What are 

their 
numbers ? 



Where is 

Guelpli 

situated 1 

How far is it 

from Lake 

Erie? 

What is said 
of Gait? 
— of the 
whole of 

that coun- 
try ': 



What does 

Western 

Canada 

form ? 

What will it 

become ? 



Is it salu> 
brious ? 



i-n the United States, was compelled to seek are 
asylum in Upper Canada, and was permitted to 
settle on the River La Tranche, now the Thames. 
20. The first settlement having been entirely 
destroyed by the invading American army in 1812, 
a new one was formed where the Indians were 
again collected. They now live together in a place 
called the Moravian Village, and belong to the 
church of the United Brethren. The Chippewas 
and Mnnsees occupy a tract of land twenty-five 
miles from the Moravian Village. There are 
also some Oneidas and Pottawatamies, who are 
still heathens. The converted Chippewas and 
Munsees belong to the Church of England and 
Wesleyan Methodists. The whole of the settlements 
on the Thames contain about twelve hundred 
persons. 

21. Upon one of the branches of the Grand River, 
called the Speed, is situated the town of GuelpK. 
It is nearly one h-undred miles distant from Lake 
Erie, and is one of the most flourishing towns 
settled by the Canada Company, Gait is another 
very pretty and neat place, called after the author 
of " Lawrie Totld."^ Indeed the whole coun- 
try in that direction is so fruitful and desirable that 
it must attract settlers. 

22. Western Canada forms one of the finest 
portions of British America. When it shall be better 
cultivated, and the marshy grounds sufficiently 
drained to banish from them the fever and ague, the 
whole of these Western Districts will become a 
perfect garden . The climate is exceedingly delight- 
ful ; indeed the whole of the Gore District, the 
Huron Tract, and part of the London District, are 



tlieir fears 

to the 
British ? 



OF CANADA. 185 

remarkably healthful. It is in the low, flat, un- ^^ere does 

} ' ' ague exist ? 

drained grounds alone that ague exists. 

23. Near Brantford, which is a very pretty town Where is the 

' J 1^ •> settlement 

on the Grand River, is the settlennent belonging of the "Six 

' . Nations",or 

to the Six Nations, formerly called the Iroquois, one the descen- 

' ^ . dants of the 

of the most interesting in Canada. At the tormina- Iroquois? 
tion of the war of independence the Six Nations In- 
dians of the Mohawk valley, who had taken part 
with the British against the Americans, became ap- Why were 

,.,... . , 1 thev appre- 

prehensive that mjurious consequences mjght result hensive ? 
from their hunting grounds being within the territory- 
assigned to the United States. They accordingly in who was 
1783 deputed their celebrated chief, Captain Joseph rlpr"es^ent" 
Brant (Tyendenaga), to represent their fears to the 
British Government : and next vear a grant was 

" hat was 

made to them for ever of the fine and fertile tract the result? 
of land on the Grand River. 

24. The community consists not only of of what 
the Six Nations, but includes some Delawares, thecom- 
Tutulies, Muntures, Nuntieokes, and some other "^""JiJti" 
Indians, together witha few families of negroes, 
adopted into the nation ; their number in 1843 

was 2,223. The Mohawks had been Chris- Have the 

^ 1^14- Mohawks 

tians ior many years belore the American revo- long been 
lution. A considerable number of the Caya- ^^^^j '^ ^^ ' 
gas, Onandagos. Senecas, and some of the Dela- ^"^^ ^^'''.^f 

^ ' ° are stul 

wares, are still heathens. The great majority of heathens i 
the Indians on the Grand River are Christians, and Yn'^conciu-'^ 
mostly belong to the Church of England. Their ''^"ibes'r'^ 
Church service is very interesting, and their singing 
delightful. 

25. The Welland Canal leaves Lake Erie at where does 

the Welland 

PortColborne in the Township of Humberton. A canai leave 

, Lake Erie 1 

branch, or feeder for it, commences at Dunnville, 

Q2 



186 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTTON. 



Where does 
the feeder 

commence ? 
What does 
the Ameri- 
can shore 
possess 1 

What are 
our pros- 
pects ? 



What con- 
quest was 
made by the 
Americana 1 



Why was 

defeat on 

our side 

certain 1 



What is said 

of the 
Canadians 1 



What re- 
mark is 
made upon 
this 1 



What is said 
of the Lakes 
generally ? 



Repeat 
some lines 
written by 
a Canadian 

poet? 



a short distance from the mouth of the Grand River. 
The American shore of Lake Erie has the advant- 
age of possessing several good harbours, namely? 
Sandusky, Cleaveland, Erie, and Buifalo. At 
present we are deficient, but in another year the 
munificence of the Government will enable us to 
reap the benefits desirable from this most fertile and 
beautiful region. 

26. During the war we were singularly unfor- 
tunate on Lake Erie, where a battle was fought 
between the English squadron carrying sixty-three 
guns, and the American carrying fifty-six guns,, 
which terminated in the capture of our fleet. Indeed 
it was impossible for us to escape defeat ; we had 
neither stores, nor vessels, nor men at all fitted for 
the enterprise. Had it not been for the determined 
loyalty of the Canadians themselves, this fine 
country must then have been lost to England. It 
would doubtless have been re-conquered, when the 
Mother Country could, by the cessation of war im 
the Old World, pay attention to so distant and so 
trifling a part of her possessions as this was then 
considered to be. We live in happier times j these 
shores which were then a wilderness, are now the 
most populous and best settled portions of the Lake 
countries. The whole of the Lakes are now" 
traversed by steam vessels and schooners, which 
ply in every direction, and by connecting canals 
and rivers, enable us to collect the products and 
luxuries of every clime. 

27. " These Ocean Lakes, 
Which in majestic indolence reposed 
Coquetting with the winds, or mirror-like 
Giving to upper worlds a mimic sun, 



OF CANADA. ^^^ 

Are now the path of white-winged fleets which 

bear 
The golden fruits of the rich harvest fields 
To far off climes. The woodland shores — 
The towering pine-tree — the stern-hearted oak — 
Have owned the sway of man; and waving grain. 
Speaketh of home and plenty. Towering spires 
Of Temples dedicate to Him, whose Word 
Is life eternal, dot the verdant banks ; 
And grateful strains of gratitude are hymned 
Amid the Sabbath stillness." 

28. The direction of the great water communica- in what. 
tion, which, from the head of Lake Huron, has been does the 
nearly due south, here changes to the north-east munication 
till it opens into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Oppo- -wiiereis 
site Fort Erie, where the Niagara river issues Buffalo i 
from the Lake, stands the fine American city of 
Buffalo. Here the grand canal commences, which ^^^'a' 

° ' waters are 

connects Lake Erie with the Hudson, and con- connected 

' by the Erie 

sequently wiih the Atlantic. canai ? 

29. The Niagara River is about thirty-three miles what is the 
long, and traverses a beautiful country. At Fort ^^winlara'^ 
Erie it is about a mile wide, but it soon contracts '^lITts 
its bed to half a mile. The current here is ex- '■^"''/•' ' 

-- Its 

tremely rapid, and offers a subUme prospect of the current? 
mighty mass of waters, rushing from the inland 
seas to join the Ocean. 

30. The first vessel, that ever sailed on these where was 
western seas, was built on the Niagara River in ' se/hunr 
1579. She was dragged up into Lake Erie, and ^aUd't"hesi" 
^rted on her bold adventure to follow the Missis- on what 
sippi down to the sea, under the guidance of La dhuiiesa'ir- 
Salle, of whom you may remember reading in the 
History. They entered Lake Huron through the 



^88 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

^ev^n^- ^^' ^^^^^ River, and encountered a violent storm, 

counter ? which, in these unknown waters, appalled the 

hearts of La Salle and his sailors. They escaped 

^^^ ^^fhi. ^^is danger, however, and passed into Lake Michi- 

t:sca|ie this o 7 ' jr 

danger land ggfj^ where, after sailing forty leagues, they landed 
ihey land ] on an island at the mouth of Green Bay. La Salle 
With what gent back the ship to Niagara, laden with rich and 

was the 107 

vessel valuable furs, procured by trade with the Indians 

laden 1 ^ ^ 

of the coasts where they had touched in the voyage. 
What was The pilot and five men embarked in her, but they 

the fate of 

I his first never reached the shore, and it is supposed that the 

vessel foundered in Lake Huron. 

wiiaiissaid 31. Following the river downwards, we come to 

Island ] Grand Island, belonging to the States, a fine tract of 

of land bearing splendid timber. Navy Island, the 

~ of Navy notcd fortress of the Patriots in the late insurrection. 

Island ? r n . . 1 • 

lies near it, but is far inferior to it m size and in 

richness of soil. At Chippewa, nearly opposite to 

Wheiedo(s Navy Island, the Welland River flows into the 

the Welland _^ , , •, . ■■ . 1.1 

enter the Niagara. Uelow this the river expands into a kind 
What is said of bay, and is more than two miles in breadth ; it 
'* andits**^ soon after contracts again suddenly to less than a 
mile, and then its current rapidly increases from 
Is this the three to eight miles. Farther down than this the 
llavig'iucn^^ Canadian boatmen with all their intrepidity dare 
not venture, 
w^hatis 32. A distant noise is now heard resembling the 
peculiar sound of the ocean, and a column or cloud 
of mist is seen hovering over the rapid stream. Far- 
How is the ther down the river bends to the east, and is 
divided ? divided by Goat Island, leaving, however, by far the 
greater body of water on the Canadian side. This 
How are the rushes and foams furiously along among shoals and 
formed % Tocks, forming the rapids ; no fall is yet visible but 



OP CANADA. W9 

the sound grows louder, and the banks begin to rise 
from the water. 

33. Steam navigation ends at Chippewa. Whilst where docs 

11- 1 z' • • ^^ ^ r Steam navi- 

travellmg over the few mtervenmg miles beiore gaiion end? 
reaching the Falls, you can, by looking upwai-ds, see Describe the 
the calm waters in the distance, whilst nearer they oTthe*^^ 
swell, and foam and recoil, and seem to be gather- 
ing up all their force for the mighty leap they are 
about to make. Mrs. Jameson, when speaking of wimt doe« 
them, says in her own beautiful manner, '• The sonsa™or" 
whole mighty river comes rushing over the brow of ^^^ ^^^^^ '' 
a hill, and, as you look up at it, seems as if coming 
down to overwhelm you ; then meeting with the 
rocks as it pours down the declivity, it boils and 
frets like the breakers of the Ocean. Huge mounds How does 
of water, smooth, transparent, and gleaming like an the water of 
Emerald, rise up and bound over some impediment, ^ "^' 
then break into silver foam, which leaps into the 
air in the most gracefal and fantastic forms." 

34<. The Horseshoe or Canadian Fall is not ^ or what 

form IS the 

quite circular, but is marked by projections and Canadian 
indentations which give amazing variety of form and 
action to the mighty torrent. There it falls in one 
dense nryass of green water, calm, unbroken, and re- 
sistless ; here it is broken into drops, and falls like a Describe the 
shower of diamonds, sparkhng in the sun, and at of the water 
times it is so light and foaming that it is driven up 
again by the currents of air, ascending from the 
deep below, where all is agitation and foam* 

35. Goat Island, which divides and perhaps adds whaiissaid 
to the sublimity of the Falls, is three hundred and island ^ 
thirty yards wide, and covered with vegetation. 
The American Fall, which is formed by the east — of ih»- 
branch of the river, is smaller than the British, FaVn""* 



190 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

and, at first sight, has a plain and uniform aspect. 
With \yiiat This, hovvever, vanishes as vou come near, and, 

ideas does ' ' J ' ' 

it nil the though it does not subdue the mind as the Canadian 

mind r ° 

one does, it fills you with a solemn and dehghtful 
. sense of grandeur and simplicity. It falls upwards 

Mention its ° r . j r 

depth and of two hundred feet, and is about twenty feet wide 

breadth ? , , „ . 

at the point of fall, spreading itself like a fan in 
falling. 
What has 36. An ingenious American has thrown a curi- 

?>CGn crcct(:*(l 

acros» this ous woodou bridge across this fall to Goat Island, 
which you cross only a very few yards above the 

Where can crest of the cataract. Passing by it, and crossing 

"fine^view :-^ the island, you reach the extremity of the British 
Fall on its eastern side. Here a piece of timber 
projects about twelve feet over the abyss, on which 
you can stand safely, and view the waters as they 
rush by, whilst the spray dashes over you, and 

What is said you^ frail support quivers under your feet. Here 

waters^] you may follow the course of the waters as they 

roll from the rude confusion below you, and spread 

themselves out into bright, curling, foaming green 

— of the and white waves. To some persons nothing at 

columns of i •/» i ■ i /• 

mist r the Falls appears so beautitul as the columns ol 
mist which soar from the foaming abyss, and 
shroud the broad front of the great flood, whilst here 
and there rainbows peep out from the mysterious 
curtain. 
Where is 37. At the foot of the Canadian Fall, there is a 

u( the ledge of rock, which leads into a cavern behind the 
sheet of waters, called " the Cavern of the Winds." 
Describe it? It is in the formof a pointed arch, the span on the left 
hand being composed of roHing and dark water, and 
that on the right of dark rocks. It is fifty or sixty 
feet large, and the obscurity that surrounds it, together 



OP CANADA. 191 

with the strong wind which blows the spray and 
water all over you render this rather a ditFiCult 
undertaking, especially for young persons. 

38. Within a few minutes walk of this lovely wimtissaid 

1 11 1 1 1 1 • • */• of the neigh- 

scene, are to be found all the bustle and activity ot bourhood i 

life ; on the Annerican side, hotels and mills of —on the 

every description, and a busy town called Manches- side? 

ter, through which passes the railroad that connects 

it with Lockport and Buffalo. On the Canadian —on the 

side too, several mills are built on the side of the ^sfiie?" 

l)eautiful rapids, large and elegant hotels are erected, 

and a railroad is in operation from Chippewa to 

Queenston Heights. 

39. A little below the Falls, the Niagara re- Whatissai.i 

sumes its usual suft and gentle beauty. The banks Niagara? 

here are very high and beautifully wooded. About where is 

. •• the Whirl- 

four miles below, the river has formed a circular pooi"siiu- 

excavation called " the Whirlpool." The rapid cur- Describe it- 

rent here sweeps wildy past the sides of the high and 

perpendicular banks ; and in its course, the dead 

bodies or trees, that come within its reach, are 

carried with a quivering circular motion round and 

round this dismal spot. The rocks are steep, and can it be 

no boat dares approach it, so that whatever gets into app'""'*'^''^'^- 

the current must there remain until decomposed, or 

broken to pieces by the action of the water. Having ^-^ai does 

made this extraordinary circuit, the river regains its thl^n regain' 

proper course and rushes between two precipices, 

which are not more than nine hundred feet apart. 

40. Seven miles below the Falls, the country on What are 

^ T .J 111- • Queenston 

the Canadian side suddenly rises into abrupt and Heights sup- 
elevated ridges, called Queenston Heights, and have been ! 
supposed to have been the banks of the river, and 
" the place of the Falls" informer ages. During 



monument 



— of 



192 GEOGRAPHiOAL DESCRIPTION 

What troops the War a large body of American troops was 
here? driven down this steep precipice and nearly all per- 
ished in the river. The monument erected to the 
of Brock's memory of the brave General Brock, who fell here 
lies in ruins, having been blown up by one of the 
disaffected in 1838. At the foot of the hill is Queen- 
Queenston. ^^qj^^ a romantic looking village, where the Niagara 
— of Lewis- again becomes navigable. On the American side, 
opposite to Queenston, stands the pretty town of 
-.of Lewiston. A few miles below is Youngstown, an 
townYnd inconsiderable place ; and at the mouth of the river 
. mgara? ^^ ^^^ quiet town of Niagara with its four thousand 
— of the people. Fort Messassagua guards the river on the 

Forts, and >-,,.. i i i .1 1 * . 

•of the banks Canadian Side, and on the opposite shore the Ameri- 
The Niagara cans have a strong stone fort, called Fort Niagara. 
The* banks of this river are very pleasing, and the 
water of a peculiarly beautiful colour. 



river ? 



CHAPTER III. 
CONTENTS. 



Lake Ontario — Toronto — Lake Simcoe — Say of Quinte-^ 
Kingston — " The Lake of a Thousand Isles" — St. Regis 
— Cornwall Canal Rapids— Beauharnois Canal — The 
Ottawa — French River — Chaudiere Falls — Rideau Canal 
— Grenville Canal — Lake of the Two Mountains— St, 
^nne''s — Caughnawaga — Lachine Canal Montreal. 

Whatissaid 1. Lake Ontario is the last and most easterly of 

Ontario^? the inland seas. It is elliptical in its form, measur- 

7o°^ 't" ^"S o"® hundred and seventy-two miles on a central 

line drawn from its south-west to its north-east 

-ofitssur- extremity. Its surface is two hundred and thirty- 
face and •' I • • 
ti«pth ? one feet above the level of the Atlantic, and it is 



■OP CANADA, 193 

sro deep that, in many places, a line of a hundred How much 
fathoms has not reached the bottom. Nearly half belongs to 

•^ the State of 

of the Lake shore is in the State of New York. New York i 

2. At the head of Lake Ontario, on Burlington where is 

. /. TT -1 Hamilton ? 

Bay, stands the nounshing town of Hamilton, 
which contains between five and six thousand 
kihabitants. No place in Canada is more distin- p^r what is 
guished for commercial enterprise. Behind it gy^ghed? 
rise the Burlington Heights, a continuation of y^^^^ 
the ridge from Queenston Heights. At Toron- "n'/aV-tf'' 
to this ridge recedes from the Lake twenty-four miles, gt^ams 
separating the streams falling into Lake Simcoe .^l^es Uiis 

^ o ° riuge separ- 

from those which fall into Lake Ontario. It con- „»'e-' 

How far 

■ftnues onward as far as the Bay of Quinte, and doesitcon- 

. linue 1 

has evidently at one time formed the boundary of 
the Lake, the same formation being still visible in 
the State of New York. 

3. Lake Ontario is well deserving of its name whatis^ard 
*^ the Beautiful j" and yet it is hard to say in(what this « Beautiful 
beauty consists, for there are no high hills, no bold 
■shores, no striking scenery around it. It has not Descrjbe its 
the appearance of a fresh water lake so much as ^pp*^*^'*^"*^^' 
it has that of a vast rolling ocean. Its waves us waves t 
are at times so rough that at first it was con- 
sidered dangerous to navigate it with any but large 

vessels ; now vessels of every description may be 
seen on its bosom. 

4. Though the scenery round Lake Ontario is what is said 
not generally striking, yet the country about Bur- °J[r'^J ^'^n".' 
lington Bay at the head of the Lake is romantic and Turlington 

° ■' Bay '. 

lovely. A small canal was some years since 
constructed through the sand bank, similar to those 'ormer 

° canal ? 

already spoken of, which encloses this beautiful 
Bay. It is now nearly useless, and the Govern- 
ment are forming a substantial and expensive 

H 



194 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

new^cVnai? ^^"^^ ^^^^ ^U which will be of infinite importance 

Describe the to this rapidly rising count^J^ The country be- 

Nilgara yond, Called the Gore District, contains some of the 

Districts? f^jrjggt lands in the Province, and is remarkably 

healthy. The Niagara District, too, is noted for its 

Where is fertility and beauty. The Welland Canal empties 

^housSl-*" ^^^®^^ ^"^^ ^^® Lake at Port Dalhousie, which lies 

between Burlington Bay and the Niagara River. 

This harbour is to be improved shortly. The coun- 

Howare the ipy bordering the Lake is well wooded : and through 

shores en- jo to 

livened? the numerous openings the prospect is enlivened 
by pretty towns and villages, and flourishing 
settlements. 

Where is 5. The onlv citv on the Canadian side is 

Toronto i • , i- i • i . 

situated ? Toronto, which lies nearly opposite to the mouth 

of the Niagara River at thirty-eight miles' distance 

Describe it? It is a rapidly rising place, quite English in its 

app,earance, well drained and paved, and lighted 

with gas. It is very prosperous, and has doubled 

its numbers in ten years, the population being now 

Who resided upwards of 20,000. When selected by Governor 

herein 1793? gj^(,(^g jjj ^793^ t^o Indian families resided on 

What is the ^^^ spot. It was at first called York, but its name 
"the"word"^ was afterwards changed to the noble Indian name 

WhltTs'sVid o^ Toronto, or « the Place of Meeting." The 
ofthesur- cQ^ntrv in every direction round is fertile, and 

rounding j j ' 

country? agriculture thrivos. 

How Avas 6. This city was formeriy the Seat of Govern- 

the removal , , . ' i ^ i i 

of the Seat ment ; and, wheu the removal took place, many 

\ieni n-' thought it would decline as rapidly as it had risen. 

nSwd^dthe The citizens, however, rousing their energies, set 

aniTha^fs about improving it in every way, and, having a fine 

"^now'?" agricultural country to fall back upon, they have 

succeeded in making Toronto one of the finest cities 

of America. 



OF CANADA. 



195 



7. The Lake Simcoe country, which lies north ^fj^^'^a^jy^ 
from it, is a rich and beautiful tract of land. The .^^j^JJ^yS 
road leading to it, cabled Yon ge Street, thirty- six ""gj^fg""/* 
miles in length, is macadamized, and passes through 

a fertSe and highly cultivated country. Lake —of Lake 

. . J. Simcoe .- 

Simcoe itself is a lovely and romantic spot, and is 

rapidly filling with settlers. The highest land in where is, 

Canada is in this neighbourhood, and of course the land in ca- 

highest level of the water, which is found in a "founcfi '^ 
small lake near the *' NarrowV of Lake Simcoe. 

8. There is a small Indian settlement at Snake Where is 
Island, Lake Simcoe. They are one hundred and tiement of 
nine in number, and occupy twelve dwelling-houses. Indians ? 
They have a school-house too, in which their what is 
children are instructed by a respectable teacher, sen/state? 
and Divine Service is performed by a resident 
Missionary of the Methodist persuasion, to which 

these Indians belong. Their Missionary, who has What is 

been acquainted with them since 1839, states that their reii- 

the majority of them are strictly moral in their con- "^ acter ? 
duct, and most of the adults decidedly pious. 

9. Below Toronto lie the harbours of Port Hope Name the 

1 /-. 1 11. I 1 TT- townshelow 

and Cobourg, and between them and Kingston Toronto "r 
stretches the peninsula of Prince Edward. The What rivers 

* come from 

Genesee, the Oswego, and the Black River flow the south ? 

into Lake Ontario from the State of New York. 

The principal river on the Canadian side is the Which is 

. . /> T». T r '^® princi- 

Trent, which, issuing out of Rice Lake, after a very pai river on 

• 1- f ^ 1 1 1 M z' 1. t*^® Cana- 

winding course ol nearly one hundred miles, falls dian side % 
into the Bay of Quint6. The Otonabee falls into ]„ ^hat 
the north shore of Rice Lake, and maybe consider- ihf otSnY- 
ed as a continuation of the Trent. They are both ^^sid'e^re^cT"' 
broad and full rivers, and are navigable for boats 
to a considerable distance. 



^9^ GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIOST 

dhTn \VtUe. ^^* There is a settlement of Mississagua^ at 

"here?* Alnwick. not far from Rice Lake. Previous to 

statJweie "^^^^ ^^®>^ ^^^^' pagans, wandering in the aeigh- 

ind?a^ns'? ^^"'"^ood of Belleville, Kingston, and Gananoque, 

and were known under the name of ihe Mississa- 

guas of the Bay of Quint6. After their conversion 

whatissaid to Christianity they were received into the Metho- 

of Grape ^ •' -^ 

Island ? dist Church, and settled at Grape Island, six: miles 
To what from Belleville. In 1830 they removed to Aln- 

]»lace have , *^ 

they now wick, where they are progressing in industry and 

agriculture. They are in general consistent and 

What is pious Christians, and have an excellent Missionary 

their char- 
acter ? and who has ministered to them for the last fourteen 

number ? rr^i . 

years. Their number is two hundred and thirty- 
Mention three. At Rice Lake there is another settlement } 

another set- , .,i • i • i i i i 

tiement ? the Village contains thirty houses, three barns, and a 

How long school-house. They have been reclaimed from 

Lakelettie! thcir wandering life, and settled in their present 

"forme.n" location twelve years. Their number is one hundred 

Whatissaid and fourteen. On Mud or Chemang Lake there 

dians of is a settlement, which is supported by the New 

Mud Lake ' 

England Company. They are Christians and are 
visited by the Missionary from Peterborough. Their 

— of Balsam niHTiber is ninety-four. The Balsam Lake India nsj 
^^^^^ ninety in number, have lately removed to Lake 
Scugog, as they are anxious to become agricul- 
turists. They have a school and a resident Metho- 
dist Missionary. 

Describe the H. The long and winding Bay of Quints not 

(^ufntli only encloses a very beautiful and fertile peninsula, 

but is dotted round with pretty towns, villages, and 

Whatissaid settlements. Belleville at the head of the Bay is 

aijd Piadn t the place of most consequence ; next to it is Picton, 
a very pretty little town ; and on every side the 
most charming scenery presents itself. 



OF CANADA. 



197 



Where is 



12. On the peninsula of Prince Edward is a theSe^r 
remarkable lake on the top of a mountain. Its ^''tahiT"' 
depth is so great that it cannot be fathomed ; and, ^akeTs'u 
as it is on a level with Lake Erie, which is only ^^''^ '« ^*"- 

' -^ connected r 

sixty or seventy feet deep, it is said to be connected 
with it by some mysterious subterranean communi- 
cation. 

13. At Tvendanaga in this Bay there is a very What in 

J ^ J •> dian sttile- 

tnteresting settlement of Mohawks, These Indians me»t is in 

separated from their nation in the State of New 

York about the vear 1784. They were Chris- How long 

" ll 3, V6 the Y 

tians long before they came to Canada, and as far been chris- 
back as the reign of Queen Anne were presented 
*Vith a service of plate for the communion. They Towhnt 
belong to the Church of England, and, their place of they belong? 
worship having become too small for the congrega- 
tion, have lately built a commodious stone edifice, 
the expense of vs'hich id defrayed out of their 
own funds. Their number is three hundred and 
eighty, 

14. Kingston is finely situated near the spot what is said 
where old Fort Frontenac stood, its appearance is ^ *"^^ ° 
pleasing, and the surrounding country picturesque. 

The inhabitants are about twelve thousand in num- what is the 
ber, and it is rapidly recovering from the shock ^°p"^*^'°"^ 
occasioned by the removal of the Seat of Govern- 
ment. It is a place of some commercial impor- ^j j^ j^ ^ 
tance, being the port of the Rideau Canal, which p^*^^ *^/ , 

' => J ' conimercml 

with the Ottawa opens up so much of the back imponanee? 
country, and is a means of communication with 
Montreal. The town-hall and market are very whatissaid 
handsome, and the mineral springs, lately discover- "hafiVThe" 
ed, are rapidly rising into notice. The harbour is IhegpViJo"^ 
excellent, ships of the line could lie close to the haTbour'innd 

R2 



198 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 



fort 1 

Where does 
the St. Law- 
rence first 
take its pro- 
per name ? 

Into what 
does it ex- 
pand ? 

Describe 

these 
islands ? 



How do 

these views 

vary ? 



shore, and a strong fort commands the entrance. 

15. The stream, issuing from the eastern extre- 
mity of Lake Ontario, is now forthe first time called 
the St. Lawrence. In the course of a few miles 
the channel becomes so wide and so full of islands 
that it has obtained the name of" the Lake of the 
Thousand Isles." These islands are of every ima- 
ginable shape, size, and appearance — some of them 
barely visible, others covering many acres ; but 
their broken outline generally presents the most 
picturesque combinations of wood and water. 
While sailing among them you find yourself some- 
times enclosed in a narrow channel, then you 
discover many openings like noble rivers, and soon 
after you appear to be on the bosom of a spacious 
lake. 

" Hail Lake of Thousand Isles ! 
Which clustered lie within thy circling arms. 
Their flower-strown shores kissed by the silver tide, 

As fair art thou as aught 
That ever in the lap of nature lay." 

16. As you emerge from this fairy scene, and 
find yourself within the banks of a river, you 
approach Brockville, one of the prettiest towns in 
Canada. The houses are built with considerable 
taste, and the scenery they command is exquisite. 
Below lies Prescott, a spot made memorable during 
the late rebellion, and on the opposite shore stands 
the Am.erican town of Ogdensburg. 
,,.. , 17. An island in the centre now obstructs the 

What pro- 
duces the St. Lawrence, and produces what is called the 

Long Saulll ' ^ 

How is the " Long Sault." The stream rushing through a narrow 

ftjrined? passage on each side hurries on the bark with 

great velocity, and the two currents, meeting at the 



Repeat 
[some lines 
written on 
these isles 

by a 
Canadian ? 



Describe 
Brockville ? 



Where is 

Prescott 1 

and Ogdens- 

burffh ? 



OP CANADA. 



199 



lower end, dash against each other, and form what 

is called the " Big Pitch." To avoid these rapids at ^p^,f\.J;jf 

the Long Sault, a very fine canal has been con- s'^ucteii at 

o 7 J Cornwall { 

structed by the Government called the Cornwall 
Canal. The Indian village of St. Regis, where ^'^^^/j^S 
the boundary of 4-5^ strikes the St. Lawrence, lies 
opposite to the towp of Cornwall. 

18. Here, on a small portion of the hunting WhyisSt. 

^ _ " Regis pecu- 

grounds of their once powerful nation, is to be found I'firJy inter" 
a settlement of Iroquois. As the parallel of 45*^ How is their 

1 /•, 1 1 .11 ^ • '^"^ situat- 

intersects the tract of land they stdl own, part of it ed ? 
is in Canada and part in the United States. The Whai are 

<«T-»''iTT • r 11 i/«/» their num- 

number of British Indians is four hundred and fiity, bers> 
and the Americans are said to be equally numer- 
ous. Many of the men continue to procure a preca- Their em- 

, . 11. II ploynient 1 

nous subsistence by hunting, and the women em- 
ploy themselves in making up the skins of animals, 
killed in winter, into mitts and moccassins, and in 
manufacturing spHnt baskets and brooms. The St. Describe 
Regis Indians have a large stone church with a chVr'ch ? 
steeple and two bells, which was erected upwards 
of fifty years ago at their expense. A French o^^f^gi'®^-"''' 
Canadian Missionary is maintained by the Govern- sionary ? 

•' "' ami the op- 

ment at the village, where he resides permanently, ]>nsition t.. 

° ^ -^ ' education : 

and devotes his whole time to the tribe. A great 
portion of the service here consists of singing, of 
which the Indians are passionately fond. They 
have not advanced much in piety or reli^ous 
knowledge. 

19. After passing the Canal the river expanding what is the 

• • 1 L /« /• •! • 11 1 X 1 n expansion 

to the width ot five miles is called Lake St. of the river 
Francis. At its termination begins a succession of where <io 
very formidable rapids, Varying in intricacy, depth, commenrt'? 
and width of channel. They are called the Coteou 
du Lac, the Split Rock, and the Cascades. 



200 



GEOGRAPHICAL DfiSCRIPTtOJf 



Z'Teenou ^0. While sailing along the shores of Lake St. 

ci'^Lakes?. F^ancis, which lies entirely within the British 

Francis f territories, j'-oumay observe a large Cairn or pile of 
stones heaped up as for the warriors of old, which 
has been raised by the Loyal Glengary Highlanders 
in honour of Sir John Colborne, now Lord Seaton, 
formerly Governor-General of Canada. 

What is said 21. The rapids commence below the Lake, and 

of the . ^ , ... T-, 

rapids? continue lor about nme miles. Formerly they used 
to interrupt the navigation, but now^ steam-boats of 
proper size and build come over ihem daily in 
Does any safety. They do not pass without risk, however, 
uiepassagei ^s "^^J be well imagined, when you consider that 
the rapid current sweeps your little vessel close to 
rocks and islands, which, if touchedj would ensure 
i^thevoy- destruction. The voyage down the St. Lawrence 
bie? " from Kingston to Montreal is one of the most excit- 
ing and delightful that the country offers. The 
tfowhas eligibility of this route has been increased lately by 

this route , ^ i-i.-i 

been im- the re-discover3''of a channel which,itis said,wasused 

proved i i i-i i n i • t 

To whom '^"g ^?P hy the French voyageurs. J? or this dis- 
Sredfor covery we are indebted to one of the steam-boat 

is dis 
very 



lias disco- captains, aided by an enterprising forwarding 

merchant of Montreal. 
For what 22i In Order to open up the conimunication be 



has the twcen Lake St. Francis and Lake St. Louis, and to 



j)urposes 

has the 

Beaiihar- 

nois Canal enable all the vessels, that come down the river, to 

been made ? ' 

return up again avoiding all theee rapids, a canal 
has been made by Government, which is called^the . 
Beauharnois Canal, and which is now in use. 
What is the Below these rapids the river spreads out into Lake 

expansion ot- iii • r ^ j- w r 

of the river St. Louis, neaf which there is a beautiful fall of 

then called 1 . tx i /^ t 

vi'hat river the Same name. Here the St. Lawrence receives 

does the St. , • i i • /i r i 

Lawrence an important accession by the> influx or the great 

receive 

htre ? Stream of the Ottawa from the north-west. 



23. The Uttawas or Ottawa has even yet been thT outwa 
but partially explored. It is said to have its source ifg gJurce^ 
near the Rocky Mountains, and to travel a distance 

of twenty-five hundred miles. This has never been Howfarisit 
clearly ascertained, but it is known to flow from n "flows? 
beyond Lake Temiscaming, and to have a course 
of at least five hundred miles. 

24. Formerly from forty to fifty canoes proceed- i" wi'at 

•^ J J I manner was 

ed every year from Lachine in the Island of Mon- the trade 

•' • Willi the 

treal with articles of traffic, and ascended the indi«nscHr- 

riei] OR 

Ottawa for about three hundred miles, whence they formeiiy t 
were carried across Portages, or paddled along 
Lakes, and then passed through French River to 
Lake Huron. The coasts of this Lake and those of How diii the 
Lake buperior were then traversed until the voya' then pro- 
geurs met at the Grande Portage with the mes- 
sengers called " Coureurs de Bois,^^ who brought 
the furs from the Indian hunting grounds. They what did 
here exchanged their skins, called Peltry, for the givihl'e"! 
European goods brought by the voyageurs. Al- Eunfp^ea"[ 
though the exchange was efiected with much dif- was'lhi's a 
ficulty, and at so great a distance from the sea-shore, iJaJn " i^*^ 
large fortunes were frequently made by the mer- 
chants engaged in this traffic. The voyageurs ve- Howfnr 
turned with these furs to Montreal in their light Canadian 
bark canoes, in which. these adventurers have been been known 
known to perform voyages of thousands of miles. their 
The Ottawa was then the grand roule of the fur wiiat was 
traders, and was little known except to those em- aiuiaiitmc\ 
ployed in that business. 

25. The Ottawa is connected with Lake Huron How is it 
by the French River and Lake Nepissing. Two with Lake 

■n 1 T»- • • Huron 7 

cataracts occur m J?rench Kiver — one just as it Give an ac, 
leaves the Lake, and the other twenty miles below, camriltu"^ 



202 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

which oc called the " Eecollet." There are also several 

manre^Ms ^^^^®^' rapids, one of which is distinguished by 

raptd^/dlsf- ^^^^^^^'^ wooden crosses^ which commemorate an 

tniguished ? equal number of fatal accidents that have occurred 

in crossing it. 

Describe 26. French River is about seventy-five miles 

River I long. Its breadth varics, somctimes extending more 

than a league, and then flowing between lengthened 

ledges of rock, in which are excavated deep and 

whatiasaid narrow bavs. It is said that few prospects exceed 

respecting ... . 

the counuy in singularity and grandeur those vi^hich are here 

around ? 

afforded by groups of long and lofty islets scattered 
along the deep dark bays, the clear water reflect- 
ing their rugged outlines and wild foliage amidst the 
solemn stillness which pervades these solitudes. 

How do you 

pass from From Lake Nepissing you pass by a rapid river 
pissing ? into the Ottawa. 
How is the 27. The navigation of this beautiful river is 

navigation ^ 

of the otta- interrupted by cataracts and rapids, and the 

wa inter- . 

ruptedi scenery is extremely picturesque. It formerly 
whjitissaid divided Upper from Lower Canada, and settlements 

of It? . 

are formed along its banks for upwards of a hun- 
dred miles. The lands are excellent, with abun- 
inwhatdoes dance of fine timber and mountains of iron ore, 

nhe country i . , . ■ r i 

abound? vvhich, wheu the country is farther advanced in 
manufactures, will doubtless prove exceedingly 
valuable. 
Is the Otta- 28- Little is known, however, of the Ottawa 

wii country 

weji known? country beyond the Falls and Portage '^ des Allu- 

mets^"* one hundred miles above the Township of 

Hull. Here the river is divided into two channels 

How is the by an island fifteen miles long ; and, about twelve 

'' *^ea r*' ' miles after its junction has taken place, it is again 

divided by an island twenty miles long. Owing 



OP CANADA. 



203 



to the numerous cascades and falls, the scenery J^'lJ^scei. 
here is extremely romantic. The banks of the ^^y here ? 

1 1 /• u- — oflhe 

Ottawa for some distance are composed ot white banks ? 

marble, which may be traced along the margin of 

the stream. This delightful district is now colo- .^gjricri; 

nized. 

29. The magnificent '' Lake des Chats'' i^^^Xeen ^.^H^^^^l^ 
miles long and about one mile wide, but its spaci- Chauv 
ous bays extend it to three miles. Kinnel Lodge, ^^l^,'^®^^* 
the residence of the Highland Chief M'Nab, is Lodge ? 
romantically situated on the south shore, which is 

more bold, more elevated, and better settled than 
the northern. 

30. The Chaudiere Falls, which are in the Otta- jyi'^^g^'^i^^'j,'^ 
wa, just above the entrance to the Rideau Canal, 'liiere Fails ? 
are eighty feet in height by two hundred and twelve 

in width. They are situated near the centre of ^^IheV^*^ 
the river, and attract a considerable portion of the "*'"*'«<^' 
waters, which are strongly compressed by the 
shape of the rock that impedes them. In the Great wimiissaid 
Chaudiere or Kettle the sounding line has not ncIheG^eat 
found bottom at three hundred feet. It is supposed „,?" J*^*^*^ ' 

* ^ Whither are 

that there are subterranean passages, which con- the waters 

'^ ° couveyea .- 

vey the immense mass of waters beneath the river. 
In fact half a mile lower down it comes boiling up 
again from the Kettles. 

31. Across these Falls has been thrown the What re- 
celebrated Union Bridge, which connects Eastern bridge 

crosses 

and Western Canada. It is said to be one of the these Faiisi 
most remarkable bridges in the world both with said'to be ? 
respect to situation and construction. Vast rafts umb^eV'' 
of timber are brought down this river from a dis- diwnVis 
tance of several hundreds of miles. The dexterity, wiiluisiiid 
with which the lumberers manage these masses, is ner^'n wlfich 



204? GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

n^e%id^iii ^stonishing, particularly when directing them down 
wMi'tissaia these Falls. The improvement of the shdes made 

of the im- ^ 

provement for passins theso timbers is amongst the numerous 

snade by the i o d 

Govern- works now Carrying on by Government. 

menti . 

Where does 32. The Rideau Canal commences at the ter- 

/ihe Rideau . . - \ /-\ 

Canal com- mmation of a small bay in the Ottawa, one hundred 
and twenty-eight miles distant froin Montreal, and 
one hundred and fifty from Kingston, and about a 

What may mile bclow thcsc Falls. This communication is more 

this \m , • /> • 1 . 1 

called? properly a succession oi raised waters, by means 

of dams, with natural lakes intervening, than a 

Where is the canal properly Speaking. Lake Rideau is the sum* 

lever'i'Hnd mit pond, and the waters which burst out at White 

doe's^'the Fish Falls flow into the Gananoque River, which is 
xvasie flow. ^^^ waste wcir for regulating the waters in Lake 
What effect Ritleau. Thus the water in the whole canal, 
ran4meiu " whether in times of flood or drought, is kept at a 
What does steady height. The connection between Kingston 
<iie Ridean ^^^\ ^[-^Q Qttawa, a distance of one hundred and 

-connect i ' 

thirty-two miles, is kept up by this canal. 

How far 33. Bclow the Chaudiere the Ottawa has an 

"at"awa * uninterrupted navigation for steam-boats to Gren- 

DesSfbed'e villc sixty milcs distant. The current is gentle, 

thedver'? ^"'i the scenery pleasing from the numerous islands, 

the luxuriant foliage of the trees, and the glimpses 

which are obtained of infant settlements upon the 

skirts of the forests and the margin of the stream. 

Where does At GrcnviUc commcnces the impetuous rapid 

sauit^cTil- called the " Long Sault," which is only descended 

mence : ^^ voyagews or raftsmen of experienced skill and 

How far do energy. Below the Long Sault the river continues 

^coininiie ?" ^^ intervals rapid and unmanageable as far as to 

Point Fortune, where it expands into the Lake of 

the Two Mountains, and finally forms a junction 

with the St. Lawrence. 



OF CANADA. 205 

34. The Grenville Canal, formed to overcome ]^^,^l%^,f„t 
these obstacles, consists of three sections, — one at the ^''^^ <^»"** • 
Long Sault, another at the Fall called the '' Chute 

a Blondeau," and the third at Carillon, which opens 
into the Lake of the Two Mountains, through 
whi-ch an uninterrupted navigation is maintained to 
Lachine. 

35. In this rich and beautiful district the highest — oithedis- 

trictofthe 

of the hills, from which it obtains its name, is called Lake of Two 

J Mountains r 

Calvary, and is held sacred by the Canadians and 

the remnant of the great Indian nations living at 

its base. A large lake lies in its shade, terminated where is 

by the Rapids and Island of Ste. Anne, so celebrated 

in Moore's Canadian Boat-song. The flourishing How has the 

village, which surrounds the Church, owes its ex- ^'upheid*^" 

istence and support to the contributions of the 

Canadian voyageurs, who never omit to pay their 

offerings at the shrine of Ste. Anne before engaging 

in any enterprise. Captain Franklin mentions one Repeat the 

of his Canadians, who, when on the most northern Canadian 

coast of America, nearly two thousand miles distant, " 

requested an advance of wages that an additional 

offering might be transmitted by the hands of a 

friend to the shrine of this his titular Saint. Many, How has the 

who never have seen and never will see " Uttawas ^"come ^'^' 

Tide," have sung about it till it has become almost ^^"°^"- 

a household word. The Indians at the Lake of the wiiat tribes 

Two Mountains consist of Iroquois, Algonquins, Lakt^oaJe^ 

and Nepissings ; their number is about one thousand. '^ ^^ainsT"" 

They are all Roman Catholics ; Missionaries are inwhatcon- 

settled amongst them ; and they have a school con- '''^ihevT** 

ducted by a French Canadian ; but their condition 

is far from prosperous. 



206 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

How are the 36. Several miles above the island of Montreal the 

wateis 

divided 1 waters divide into two branches. The smaller wind- 
ing between Isle Jesus, Isle Bizarre, and the main 
continent, rejoins the St. Lawrence at Eepentigny, 
Where does The greater portion, rushing amongst a cluster of is- 
portion lets and rocks lying in the channel between Isle 
Perrot and Ste. Anne, mingles its waters on the west 
with those of Lake St. Louis. The Iroquois settlement 
Gaughna- of Caughnawaga or "the Village of the Rapids" 
^*^* stands on this Lake ten miles from Montreal. This 
Who grant- seignory was granted for the benefit of the Iroquoia 
sefgnory 1 ^Y Louis XfV. in 1680, and a further grant was 
made afterward by Frontenac. Those, who do not 
How do the Cultivate the ground, subsist in summer by navigat- 
Buts^st^i ing boats and rafts down to Montreal, and in the 
winter by the profits arising from the sale of 
snow-shoes, moccassins, &c. They have every 
What iv" ^^^"s ^^ instruction enjoyed by the other Eonian 
leges do CathoHcs, and are reported to be regular in their 

they enjoy ? ' . 

attendance at Church. Their number is about 
„„ . . , eleven hundred. They behaved nobly during the 

What IS said " jo 

of their con- rebellion, and have been rewarded by special 
ducti . . "^ , 

marks of Her Majesty's favor since that period. 

What does ^'^' Parsing Caughnawaga, the St. Lawrence 
the St. Law. j^Q^y contracts and boils up and foams amongst 

rence now ^ ° 

form ? small islands and over rocks for nine miles, forming 

the Rapids of Lachine or Sault St. Louis, The 

„, Lachine Canal has been recently enlarged so as to 

Why has the . "^ ° 

Lachine enable large vessels, which have passed downwards. 

Canal been a J J » 

enlarged 1 to avoid thoso vcry dangerous rapids, and eventually 
to communicate with the Ocean, as the Canal 
conveys the vessels across the Island to the Har- 
bour of Montreal. 



OF CANADA. 207 

CHAPTER IV. 

CONTENTS. 

Montreal — The Richelieu — Lake Champlain — Lake St. 
Peter— Three Rivers — Quebec — The Fall of Montmorency 
— The St. Lawrence — The Saguenay. 

1. The Island and Seignory, on the south side of whatappeu 
which the city of Montreal stands, is about thirty the^isiantf of 
miles long, and its superior fertility has acquired acquired ? 
for it the appellation of the " Garden of Canada." 

The slopes of the mountain, which rises near the Describe the 
city, and from which it derives its name, are wood- "loumain ^ 
ed nearly to the summit ; but towards the base the 
forest trees have been succeeded by orchards that 
produce apples, pears, and plums of the choicest 
flavor. 

2. Between the mountain and the river the city „ . , 

•' How IS ihe 

and suburbs extend in every direction. It is a city situat- 
very handsome and lively place, and possesses a what is its 

appearancet 

metropohtan appearance. It is well lighted and in^vhatres- 
clean, and is rapidly improving in size, beauty, and .pectsisit^ 
convenience. Noble wharves, built of stone, stretch „,, 

' ' What are 

along the shore, and the loftv warehouses and.stores ^'i^ striking 

° \ " features of 

behind them give an idea of the great commercial Montreal > 
importance to which it has risen. The magni- Mention the 
ficent French Church of N6tre Dame is the largest Krojjecu'? 
building in the New World. The tall and elegant 
steeple of the English Church, the other steeples 
and domes, and the splendid bank lately erected, 
ornament the city greatly, and convey a just im- 
pression of the weahh and importance of the 
metropolis of Canada. 

3. The situation of Montreal at the head of Whatiesaii 
aangation for sea-going vessels must ensure its im- situ^ation of 



208 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIFTTON* 

Montreal portance, and, even when the canals are finished, 

with regard 17 7 ^ 

to com- vvhich will enable large vessels to pass up to the 

merce ? t> r i 

Lakes, there is no doubt but that it will still secure 

an important share of the commerce of the country. 

With regard Its position too in regard to the United States is very 

ed States?" favorablc. The facilities of transport to Laprairie, 

vantage' thence on the Rail-road to St. John^s, and on- 

nsSVoaie w^i^d hy w^ater to New York through Lake Cham- 

^'pres™?'^ plain and the Hudson, render the conveyance of 

goods and passengers both easy and expeditious. 
i>e8CTibe the ^- The St. Lawrence below Montreal presents a 
rence heio'w wide cxpansc, navigable for vessels of six hundred 

tons, which gives it all the advantages of a Sea-port. 
"Where is About forty-fivc miles lower down, where it widens 
^Pet^er^?' ^^^^ Lake St Peter, it becomes rather shallow, and 

allows only a narrow^ passage for large ships. This 

is to be deepened immediately. 

What river ^* ^^ *^® ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^' ^^^^^ *^® ^* Law- 

'^Lawrence' ^^"^® reccivcs the Eichclieu River, which issues 
°9^^ , from Lake Cham.plain, and flows for about seventy'- 

receive? r ' J 

miles through a fertile country. It differs from 
Describe the niost rivcrs in being narrow at its mouth and widen- 
^andtts^ ing upwards ; its banks are generally from eight to 
twelve feet high, diversified on each side by farms 
and extensive settlements in a high state of improve- 
ment. On or near it are neat, populous, and flour- 
connt of ishing villages, handsome churches, numerous mills 

these im- =" ° ' ' 

provementsr of evcrj description, good roads in all directions, 

and every characteristic of a prosperous country. 
How wide 6. The breadth of the bed of the Richelieu at its 

Richelieu 1 mouth is two hundred and fifty yards. This it pre- 
serves, with a few exceptions occasioned by some 
small and beautiful islands, up to Chambly Basin. 
This is an expansion of the river neariy circulaF, 



shores ? 



Give an ac- 



OF CANADA. 209 

about a mile and a half in diameter, embellished by P^^^"i^« 

' •' Chambly 

•several little islands, which are covered with ver- ^asi" ? 
dure and fine wood, as ornamentally disposed as if 

regulated bv the hand of art. A very fine bridge Whatisnow 

° - . . being erect- 

has been lately erected over the Richelieu, which ed near 

•' Chambly 1 

will be of immense benefit to the country. From whatissaid 

the basin of Chambly the river continues to widen j^Jj^^*, 
iTiore or less to St. John's, where there is a ship 

navigation to the towns on Lake Champlain. There _^ ^f jj^g 

is a canal too, which has been formed to avoid the canai^^^ 
rapids of the Richelieu, and to connect the St. 
Lawrence and Lake Champlain ; but it is little used. 

7. Lake Champlain is the most picturesque of whatissaid 
the inland waters. Its length is one hundred and Champiam? 
twenty-eight miles with a breadth varying from one 

to sixteen miles. It derives its name from Samuel whence 

Champlain, the distinguished man who discovered derivl^\s 

it in 1609. At Pouse's Point, where the Lake T^whom 

opens, are the fortress and outworks erected by '^^^p^J"^^'^ 

the Americans, whilst they considered this position belong?, 
within their own boundary. For some years it 
belonged to Canada, but bj- the Ashburton treaty of 

1842 was given up to the United States. It com- , . 

° '■ Tsitsposi- 

pletely defends the pass of Lake Champlain, and the *'°" good t 

Americans are now improving it. A little below where is 

Rouse's Point is the British Naval Station and Gar- Noix"'' 
rison of Isle aux Noix ; and here the hulks of 
the ships and gun -boats used in the late war are 
now lying. 

8. The country around the Richelieu is very What bean- 
romantic and beautiful, and in the distance are tainsTs"e"' 
seen the bo!d and towering summits of Rouville, Ri"cheiieir? 
Beloeil, Yamaska and Ste. Therese. The range whathiiis 
of hills traversing the fine country, called the EaJtVrn" 

S 2 



210 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 



Tawuahips ? « Eastern Townships," is a continuation of the Green 
Mountains of Vermont. This territory is profusely 

"country"^ Watered by rivers, lakes, and rivulets, which wind 

watered? about in every direction. The British American 

Land Company have their possessions in this sec- 

.J^^"^^^^ tion. These Townships are situated between- 

these Town. ^ 

ships situat- Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, and the 

River St. Lawrence. The largest body of water, 

Mention called Memphremagos; Lake, which is thirty miles 

aomeofthe , , , , , , , 

Lakes ? long and two miles wide, lies on the southern por- 
tion ; Massawippi Lake is eight miles long, and one 
How do they mUe wide. These lakes discharge their waters by 

discharge ^ •' 

their streams into the River St. Francis. The population 

waters? , . . 

here is increasing rapidly. 
Describe the 9. Returning down the Richelieu or Chamblv, 

entrance , ~ to 

into Lake as it is sometimcs called, as you enter Lake St, 

St Peter ? ■> </ 

Peter, innumerable green islands and pretty villages 
Where is rise on each side. Amongst these the pleasing 

town of Sorel, or William Henry, stands conspicu- 
Whatissaid ous. This lake is about twenty-five miles in length 
o t IS ake? ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ -^^ breadth ; its channel, which is 

very intricate, requires to be marked with beacons, 

usually small fir poles stuck in the mud with part 

— of the In- of the green tuft left on their tops. There is a set- 

dians of St, ° ^ 

Francis ? tlement of Abenaquais on the River St. Francis, 

which rises to the southward and flows into this 

Where do Lake. The majority reside in the village, which is 

they reside? 

thirty-seven acres in extent ; but about a dozen 
families, wha do not cultivate the ground, live in 
wigwams scattered over the country, and seldom 
resort to the village except to receive their presents. 
Of what de- The Government supports a Roman Catholic Mis- 
are'the'y ? sionary, as they are chiefly of that religion. Lately, 
however, a Methodist Missionary has gone to 



OP CANADA.. 



211 



reside amongst them, and a few families adhere to 
him. They have a school, but their teacher com- ^^'o^Jhe'r ''^ 
plains that he is frequently obliged to bring them to eXf^^Jjon C 
it from their homes. Their present number is three ^"Jy^^jf^'^''' 
hundred and six. 

10. The Town of Three Rivers is very agreeably Where is 

•' ° ■' Three 

situated on the west side of the River St. Maurice Rivtrs? 
at its confluence with the St. Lawrence. It owes Towhatcir- 

cumstnnce 

its name to the position of two small islands in does it owe 

its name ? 

the mouth of the former giving it the appear- 
ance of three distinct rivers. This is one of the \7hatditiit 
oldest places in Canada, and at one time possessed ^^^H^-i 
a great share of the fur trade. On the right bank where are 
of the river, seven or eight miles above Three ilxgt^ 
Rivers, are some iron forges, which were established '^"'^ 
so long ago as 1737 by the French. At the con- Are they 
quest of the Province the right of the French king ^^^ work- 
devolved on his British Majesty, and these foiges 
have been let to private persons who have worked 
them with success. The ore is abundant, and equal what issaid 
to the best Swedish, and the habitans prefer having foiges 7 
their stoves, pots, and kettles made of it to any other. 
Englishmen are employed here in making models, 
but the other workmen are chiefly Canadians. 

11. The banks of the St. Maurice are generally Describe ih« 
high, and covered with large groups of fine majes- '"rice"" 
tic trees. Navigation extends for boats thirty-eight How far 
leagues, with the exception of the Portages. Up tion%xtemii 
the western branch is a most extraordinary chain What chain 

•' of Lakes is 

of lakes and navigable waters, the number of '""""'^ '"^'® ^ 
which is estimated at twenty-three. The stupend- ^rhatissaid 
ous fall of the Shawenegam is magnificent, be- ofthe Fails? 
ing one hundred and fifty feet perpendicular. The 
St. Maurice is more than one hundred and forty How long ii 



-^2 GfiOGRAPfltCAL DESCRIPTION 

MaSrfce? ^'^es in length. At Three Elvers there are aijoiit 

any^'iSaiJna "i"^^)' Algonqnins, who are in a state of great 

jiei"ilbeur- P^^'^^^y 5 ^'^^1 ^"^ ^^^^ River St. Maurice there are 

hood'? eighty*six of the T^te de Boule Tribe in a similar 

^'oVthe^^^ condition. The Abenaqiiais possess a few acres 

Indians of of land and three islands on the River Becancour, 

Becancour ? ' 

In what nearly opposite to Three Rivers. Although chris- 

they? lianized, they hav^e neither church nor school. 

They make no progress in agriculture, support 

themselves chiefly by fishing, and are only eightj'-- 

four in number. 

WhatissAid 12. After passing the mouths of the St. Maurice, 

of the St. It. ^ ' 

Lawrence ? the banks of the St. Lawrence continue to rise till 

you reach the Richelieu Rapids, which so contract 

the channel as to render it hazardous except at 

Ho\v is the particular periods of the tide. The banks after- 
view ^ ^ 

bounded ? wards expand, and present an'extremely interesting 
prospect, — churches, villages, and white cottages 
What pros- profusely scattered along the shore. The view is 
sented ? bounded by remote and lofty mountains, from 
amongst which the rapid* river Jacques Cartier 
Is the conn- rushcs impetuously into the St. Lawrence. The 
'^Vuif?* country on both sides is thickly populated, and 
exhibits a succession of parishes, mostly consecrated 
by name to the memory of sonie Saint. The post- 
road leads through the parishes on the North Shore. 
Where does The Chaudiere River rises in Lake Megantic to 
tdflrenTer the south, and rushes ovcr a beautiful rapid, four 
*"'^^' miles from its mouth, dashing and foaming till it 
What is the JT^'ng^^s with the St. Lawrence. Near Quebec the 
width of the j.j^gp narrows its channel to thirteen hundred and 

bt* i_i£lWv 

'^QAiebec" fourteen yards, but the navigation is completely 
unobstructed. 

13. Quebec is situated on the north-west side of 



OF CANADA- 213 

the St. Lawrence in latitude 48^ 40' north and '^^ll"^'^^'''/* 

of Q,uebec ? 

longitude 11'^ 15' west, and cannot be approached 

without emotions of admiration. A ridge of high Describe tiif 

land, commencing at Cap Rouge and extending for ^^" "'^" 

about eight miles along the bank, terminates at the 

eastern extremity in a loftj' promontory, rising in 

front of the beautiful basin formed by the confluence 

of the St. Charles with the St. Lawrence. 

On the highest point of this promontory is where Js 

Cape Diamond,the strongest citadel in the world, ris- DianuIL ? 

ingthree hundred and fifty feet above the level of the 

water, and terminating towards the east in a round 

tower, whence is displayed the national standard of 

England. From this Cape the view extends more ^°^^' "f 

D i does the 

than forty miles up and down the river. Below is ^''^^^ ^\- 
the beautiful island of Orleans, and on the opposite 
side stands the pretty village of Point Levi with its 
churches and neat dwellings, surrounded by a variety 
of pleasing scenery. On the north flows the River Describe the 
St. Charles winding amidst valleys and hills with st. charies? 
villages on their sides, whilst the prospect is closed 
by a bold screen of mountains. 

14. Below the rocky promontory lies the Lower Where is 
Town, which is built on a strip of land saved from ^''tow^' 
the water, and stretches from the suburb of St. Roch '''""^'•* ■ 
to where the citadel overhangs. Busy wharves ex- 
tend all round the town and for three miles up the 
river. The St. Lawrence, which flows majestically whatissaia 
before the town, is one of the greatest, most noble, Lawrence"? 
and beautiful of rivers, and is the farthest navigable 
for vessels of a large size of any in the world. Its How far 
length, from its mouth in the Gulf of St. Lawrence to '^°*'^** """^ ^ 
the Harbour of Quebec, is three hundred and sixty 
miles, while Montreal is one hundred and eighty 
miles higher up its course. 



214 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

^eaVance ^^' ^" summer the Harbour of Quebec is filled 

^^'^^s^TJr ^^^^^ vessels of every description, and presents a 

summer] very gay and bustling scene. In winter, however, 

it wears a very different aspect, the river being 

choked up with broken fields of ice exhibiting the 

most varied and fantastic appearance. The cold is 

intense, but the ice is seldom quite firm between 

ts ihc St. Quebec and Point Levi, and the hahitnns cross 

rr^oIJcd^n i^ woodcR canocs, hauling or pushing them for- 

winter 1 -y^Qj.j amongst the cakes of ice. When the ice 

Wtmt ukcs ^^^^ form, it is called a pont ; there is always 

'^a poj^'ls" ^ ^^'"^ of jubilee, and people are to be seen in every 

formed c direction sleighing, sliding, skating, and running. 

Why iio the The ferry- uien, however, do their utmost to prevent 

i"preven7 ^^^^ ^^^ ^'^^^ taking, as it deprives them of their 

Wiliriiaa living while it lasts. It has been remarked that 

marked^of Qu^bec has an Italian summer and a Russian winter. 

Quebec ? jg^ ^^^ Huron name for Quebec is Tiatonta- 

What is the i • i • • /. mi -r^i r- rt ' tt 

Huron name n«, which Signifies " The Placc of a Strait," a 

ibr Quebec? ^• ^ . • mi t t 

name peculiarly appropriate to it- llie Indians 
indfan" *caii '" Cartier's time always called it Stadacona, 

^^ameT ^vhich probably had the same meaning in the 
Algonquin language. Charlevoix says that it is 

ciiarlevoix derived from the Algonquin word Que, which 

regard It? gjgpjjf^p^ a Strait. It is contended by some, how^ 
the'7de^r?va. 6^'^''' ^hat the word is not to be found in the Indian 

*'name^-^*^ language, but that it is derived from the Normans, 
the first part of the w^ord Que being undoubtedly 
French, and the latter bee being uniformily applied 
by them to any lofty promontory or cape. Cartier's 
pilot is said to have exclaimed in Norman French, 
when he saw the cape, " Que bee !" What a beak ! 
1 what 1'^* Quebec, as a fortress, is superior to any on 

light must j|^ continent of America, the Citadel or Cape 

this fortress ' J. 

be viewed? Diamond together with a formidable combination of 



OF CANADA. 215 

Strongly constructed works, extending over forty 

acres, rendering it impregnable. The memorable jj^p"*n/of 

battle-field of the Plains of Abraham stretches to the Abraham ? 

west. The Hurons have been long settled at the ^re there 

village of Lorette near Quebec, and claim to be ^^Jar Que-' 
the descendants of those Hurons, to v^'hom the ^^"^ ' 
seignory of Sillery was given by the French 

Monarch in 1651. Their present number is one whatissnid 
hundred and eighty-nine ; they are all half breeds, ° '^'^ 
and agriculture has made little progress among them. 
Their fondness for hunting and fishing still continues, what are 
and they usually devote three months in the spring ^^''^BuiiTT* 
and three in the autumn to these pursuits. They Have they 

1 11 1 «T- • • ••11 any means 

have a chapel, and a iMissionary is maintamed by oiinstruc- 
Government for their instruction. In the school 
there are about twenty-five very apt pupils. Within in what 
the last two or three years it has been said fhat *!hey a7 
they were improving in morals and good habits, p^^"^"^- 
but the most recent traveller, who visited them, 
gives a very unfavourable account of this miserable 
remnant of a great Nation. 

18. Crossing the St. Charles, you pass along ^hereisihe 
the road leading north-east amongst the cottages, ^ ^j^JJio"'^ 
farms, and orchards of Beauport to the Fall of *^>' ^ 
Montmorency. This river flows down from the Describe the 
southern mountains among woods and rocks, and uie^rTver^- 
then over rugged steps through a richly cultivated 
country, until within a few yards of the precipitous 
banks of the St. Lawrence. Here it thunders over what is xho 
a perpendicular rock, two hundred and twenty feet "^oauYnurr 
high, in an extended sheet of a foaming appearance 
resembling snow. This fall is most beautiful in the where is ii 
spring, when the river is full of water from the beauSi;- 
melting snows. 



HlQ GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 

Where is the jQ^ The Isle of Orleans, about six miles down 

Islano of ' 

^"^^Td*? ^^® ^^^'^^ ^'^^"^ Quebec, is thickly sprinkled over 

with white cottages, cornfields, orchards, and 

meadows, with here and there a village church. 

What gives There are many other islands worthy of attention ; 

charnTi^olhe ^"^ ^^^^^ which givos the chief charm to the scenery 

scenery ? of the St. Lawrence, is the lofty range of mountains 

,„. .. ., extending from the Allej^hanies. Their summits 

What IS said * ° 

of them: and outline have been seen at sea one hundred 

miles distant, and they are supposed to be as high 

as the Pyrenees. 

Where do 20. About twenty miles below Quebec the 

o'f ^est! waters of the St. Lawrence begin to mingle with 

?)ec*o^'^esart? those of the Ocean, and to acquire a saline taste, 

which increases till at Kamouraska, seventy-five 

miles nearer its mouth, they become completely 

How is the Salt. It is customary, however, to consider this river 

St. Law- as continued down to the Island of Anticosti, and 

bounded ? as bounded by the Mingan settlement on the northern , 

and by Cape Rosier on the southern shore. The 

What River Bay of Chaleur and the Restigouche divide Canada 

divide Cana- from New Brunswick for a considerable distance. 

Brunswick? At the head of the Bay, in the village of Mission 

of Indians Point, there is a small remnant of the Mumais, a 

tribe formerly very numerous in Nova Scotia and 

Are they New Brunswick. They are three hundred and 

"p7IJentY* thirty-five in number, and are but little known. 

What is Though they are Roman Catholics, they have 

^condSn"* neither Church nor school. They do not share in 

the distribution of presents, and have, till within the 

last two years, fallen into a state of misery and 

neglect. They now, however, display a disposition 

to improve. 

How wide is 21, At the mouth the St. Lawrence is sixty 

the St. Law. •' 



OP CANADA. 217 

ftiiles wide, while at Kamouraska it is not more than '*^"<^« ** V^ 

' mouth ? 

twenty miles. The shores of the dangerous island whatiseaid 
of Anticosti, in the mouth of the river, are flat ; o^^nticosti? 
but hght-houses are now erected on its eastern and 
western points, and depots of provisions have been 
formed at several places for the relief of shipwreck- 
ed persons. 

22. The counties of Gasp6, Rimouski, and Whateoun- 

^ ' ' ties are on 

Kamouraska, comprehending a valuable territorv, '''® souih- 

' t o ,7 grn shore ? 

extend for three hundred miles along the St. Law- 
rence. Cape Rosier is low, but the land behind What is said 
rises into high round hills, and the whole is covered 
with trees of various kinds. The high mountains _ of the 
on both sides often terminate in capes or bold '""""''^•"»* ^ 
head-lands which have a fine effect. The narrow _ Q[^l^^ 
level tract of land extending between the river and ' ^nanj" 
these mountains is cultivated, and the delicious 
verdure of the corn-fields is in strong contrast with 
the hue of the pine forests in the overshadowing 
back-ground. The parish of St. Thomas on the Whicii is 
Riviere du Sud in L'Islet county is the most populous populous 
place below Quebec, and a low belt of thickly peo- QuebecV 
pled country extends thence until within a few miles 
ofPointLevi. The Seignories, which extend all along whatissaid 
the shores, were granted while Canada was under seignorfes ? 
the government of France, and the inhabitants are 
nearly all French Canadians. The Townships ..otiuc 
have all been granted since Canada belonged to '^"^'^^'•'p*- 
Great Britain, and have been settled by English, 
Irish, Scotch, and Americans. 

23. The northern coast of the St. Lawrence ex- , 
hibits for more than two hundred miles the same ^'"^^ '^ ^^^ 

. . . ., , northern 

primitive wildness, which it presented to the eariiest ^''"'^ ^ 
navigators. With the exception of Tadousac at 

T 



218 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 



What ex- 
ceptions are 
mentioned ? 



What i3 said 

of 
Tadousac ? 



— of the 
Saguenay : 



Mention the 
remarkable 
depth of the 
Saguenay ? 
Where is 
Chicoutimi? 

Where is 

Ha! Ha! 

Bay] 



From what 

circum- 
stance does 
it derive its 
name ? 

How did 
they pro- 
ceed ? 



What is 

Chicoutimi 

now ? 



How far 

does the 

navigation 

extend ? 

What inter- 
rupts the 
course of 
tlie river ? 
What is the 
Indian ac- 
count of 
them ■? 
Can these 
rapids be 



the mouth of the Saguenay, and the Queen's Posts 
at Seven Islands' Bay and at Port Neuf, scarcely 
any signs of art or civilization appear. 

24-. It was to Tadousac that the first French 
adventurers, who visited Canada, resorted, and it 
continued to be for a long time one of the chief fur- 
trading posts. The Saguenay is more picturesque 
than any other river in the Province. Its banks are 
composed of a continued range of elevated cliffs, 
rising abruptly in some places from one hundred to 
fifteen hundred feet. At its mouth the Saguenay is 
one hundred fathoms deeper than the St. Lawrence. 
It runs about west for the distance of seventy miles 
to the Indian Mission called Chicoutimi. About sixty 
miles above Tadousac there is a bay, called " Grand 
Bay" or " Ha I Ha ! Bay," about nine miles deep^ 
where the progress of a flourishing settlement was 
considerably retarded by a destructive fire in the sum- 
mer of 184'6. It derives this name from the original 
discoverers, who had taken it for the main river, 
exclaiming Ha ! Ha ! on finding its terminus. They 
then retraced their course, and entering a narrow 
strait of the river opening on the north shore, and 
bounded by two capes only three quarters of a mile 
apart, and rising five hundred feet perpendicularly, 
they ascended as far as to Chicoutimi. This is at 
present one of the Queen's Posts, and the Hudson's 
Bay Company have large stores here for the purposes 
of the fur-trade. Fifteen miles above Chicoutimi 
is the head of tide-water, making the river naviga- 
ble for schooners eighty-five miles. Here is a range 
of Kapids, which extends ten miles. The Jndiani; 
say that there is a subterranean fall above the fool 
of the rapids, which they call " the Maniton of the 
Great Spirit." There is a carrying-place to avoid 



OF CANADA. 219 

these falls called "Ze? Grand Portage:' The ^^Z^^lH. 
number of wandering Indians in this and other ^^eduj^in"-" 
places is about two hundred. *^ there"* 

25. The Saguenav is discharged frona Lake St. What is said 

° •' ° , of the 

John, which is exactly one hundred miles round. Saguenay t 

Eleven large rivers fall into it, and it has only this 

one outlet. The Indians call it Pi4go\igamis, or 

the Flat Lake. Into this there is a remarkable w*»aj f«l' »^ 

found in It r 

Curtain Fall of two hundred and thirty -six feet, so 
conspicuous as to be seen at forty or fifty miles' 
distance. Its Indian name is " Oueat chou- 
an^^ or " Do vou see a fall there 1" The climate What is said 

' •' ofthe 

of the valley of the St. John is said by persons pos- climate ? 
sessing the best information to be far preferable to 
that ofthe sea-coast, and the land is remarkably 
fine. It is the intention of Government to open ToMrhom 
these fertile lands to the French Canadians, who, ment open- 
owing to their peculiar laws in having no right of beautiful 

., V . 1 , District ? 

primogeniture, have now in several place over-po- 
pulated the old settlements. At Chicoutimi are some what vesti- 
interesting traces of the Jesuits, who had a settle- F^i?nch set 
ment here when Canada was first colonized. A '^^"her^'" 
■chapel built by them still remains, almost entire. 

26« South-East ofthe Saguenay lies Green Isle, Mention the 
ubout seven miles long. Passing by Hare Island, isie aux 
we come to the Isle aux Coudres, where the chan- 
nel contracts to thirteen hundred and twenty yards, 
and the navigation becomes difficult. Grosse Isle, — below it » 
in which is the Quarantine Station, and several 
other groups of islands He between this and the 
beautiful Isle of Orleans, which is about five miles 
below Quebec. To the south of this lies the low whatissaid 
belt of beautiful and thickly peopled country exten- ment here ? 
ding from the Riviere du Sud to Point Levi opposite 
to Quebec. 



220 GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTlOIf 

ma/i'of^ca. ^"^^ '^^^ climate of Canada East is very severe j 

"fithy V ^"*' except to the weak and feeble, the consumptive 

and the rheumatic, it is very heahhy. The winter, 

of 'the w!n-*^ though long, is far from being disagreeable, and is to 

'^'' ' the Canadian a season of cheerfulness and enjoy- 

_^ raent As the country is easily traversed by light 

travelling ? carioles which pass quickly over the snow, long 

journeys are sometimes made ; and visits^ pic-nics, 

fishing and hunting parties enliven the winter. 

"Of the The appearance of the country is sometimes ex- 
appearance 
ofthecoun- ceedingly beautiful, the deep-blue unclouded sky 

above forming a fine contrast with the snowy earth 
below; and, when the trees are covered with 
icicles, which generally occurs after a thaw, the 
— of the effect is dazzling. When the snow melts and the 
auturan ? early summer sets in, the weather is beautiful and 
very warm. July and August are extremely hot. 
The fall,, which continues till November, is the 
pride of the year in all parts of Canada. In the 
^IheProi south-western portion of the Province the weather 
ui'e mildest ^^ ^'^O^ "^'^^ ' ^"^' w^icn the lands are drained, and 
climate? more thickly settled, they will probably exceed 
all others in Canada in this respect 
^vi . .«. 28. There is a very great difference in the tem- 

v\ hat differ- • ° 

enee exists perature of winter and summer, the cold of the 

between ^ 

this and one and the heat of the other being much more 

I.uropean 

countries? intense than in most European countries. The 
How does summer of Quebec, when compared to that of 

the summer , , ,. . , 

of Quebec Edinburgh, is almost tropical, exceeding it la 

differ from i ■ i i i i 

that of general by ten degrees, and in the hottest month by 

Edinburgh? °^ \ J . • u 1 j *• 

jj^^ fifteen. In regard to agricultural productions 

agricultural f\^Q action is more favorable than in the coun- 

productions 

affected? tries of Europe, which have the same mean 
temperature. The intense heat of our short Bum^ 



OF CANADA ^21 

mer ripens corn and fruits that will not grow ^ntagedo 

in other countries, which have the same mean wepoBsess? 

temperature. Thus Quebec agrees in mean tern- ^..^^ ^^ ^^_ 
perature with Christiana in- Norway, yet wheat is ^"^p'^ '^ 
seldom attempted in Norway, whilst it is the staple 

production of Canada. The north of England Mention 

agrees with Western Canada, yet the grape, the proof ofthia 
peach, and the melon come to perfection here and 
will not ripen there. 
'•'•No clime than this hath prouder, brighter hopes. Repeat 

. some lines 

With its innumerable and untrod leagues written on 

Of fertile earth, that wait but human skill, fui country " 

And patient industry, by commerce fed, Cauadian'? 

To win their way to eminence as proud 

As any nation on the varied earth — 

The balmy winds may breathe more fragant sighs 

o'er other climes, 
And rarer flowers may in their gardens bloom. 
But in stern majesty and grandeur none 
May bear the palm away." 

29. Canada is distinguished for its liberality in what is the 

. A r 1 I /-I1 State of 

religious aflairs. A fund, called " the Clergy Canada 
Reserves," is shared among the different denomina- to reiigi'en? 
tions. Education is rapidly advancing, colleges What is said 
are increasing, and good schools are now found in education 
almost every town. The Government schools are 
improving, and the people, who have borne the 
" burden and heat of the day" are now awaken- 
ing to the importance of giving their children those 
advantages which they themselves did not possess. 

30. Canada has a Governor appointed by the How i^^ 

^ Ti I 1 Canada 

Sovereign of England and representing Her governed? 
Majesty in the colony, a Legislative Council 
appointed by the Sovereign, and a Legislative 
T 2 



222 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 



^aar' be' -A^ssembly appointed by the people. Before any 

fore laws ia;,vs can be binding, it is necessary that they be 

binding ? passed by the Legislative Council and the Legislative 

Assembly, and receive the assent of the Governor 

in the name of the Sovereign. 

What share 31. Each county returns one member, vv'ho, 

kas Eastern i/.i.- r /^ ^ j 

Canada in With tvvo from each of the cities of Quebec and 
sentative Montreal, and one from each of the towns of Three 
sem y . jj-ygj,g ^^^ Sherbrooko, make the share of Lower 
or Eastern Canada in the representation of the 
Provincial Legislature to amount to forty-two. 
How is 32. Canada East is divided into the three prin- 

^^Sv^deTi^^' cipal Districts of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Mon- 
treal, and the two inferior Districts of Gaspe and 
"hTse'* St. Francis. These Districts are subdivided into 

Dlatricts nonntif»sj 

divided? v^ouniies. 

Counties* Disfricts. Population 

IN 1844. 
Name the Saguenay, \ ...... \ 13,787 

counties in -_=> •" . \ r,\nj 

the Quebec Montmoronci, I 0,4«34' 

wK^ Quebec, / 45,761 

popniation Port Neuf, f 16,440 

°*"*''^' Megantic, I n k. ^''^^^ 

Dorchester, ?H^^^c, .... 35^137 

Bellechasse, 1 14,601 

L'Islet, V 17,048 

Kamouraska, I 17,564 

Rimou^i, / 17,796 

Nama the Champlain, ^ 10,509 

Coanties in o^ i\/i • i ni Ayto 

the District St. Maunce, J 21,043 

RhJe'S'wrth Berthier, f 27,121 

the popuJa- Drummond, > Three Rivers, . . . 9,589 

tionofeach. ygmaska, ( 12,352 

Nicolet, ^ 16,491 

Lotbiniere, ^ 13,764 



OP CANADA. 



223 



Couniies. Districts. Population 

IN 1844. 

_ , __ _„^ Name the 

Lemster, \ iiD,Ood Coumieein 

Terrebonne, \ 20;736 ^^^l^^^: 

Two Mountains, J 27,132 trict,with 

Ottawa, I 12,516 '"'Vol^'S''- 

Montreal, / 64,897 ^^'^'' 

Vaudreuil, f 17,308 

Beauharnois, I 29,064 

Huntingdon, S>Montreal, .... 36,433 

Rouville, / 23,192 

Chambly, 1 17,154 

Verch^res, \ 13,260 

Richelieu, \ 21,255 

St. Hyacinthe, 1 21,976 

Shefford, / 10,147 

Missisqui, / 10,933 

Stanstead, > o. -n 12,015 Name the 

ou u 1 > ot. i<ranCJS, io kf^a Counties ol 

Sherbrooke, 5 ' 13,579 st. Francis, 

and the 
population 
of each. 

Gasp^, including the ) 
Magdalen Islands, > Gasp6, .... 7,342 Nam« the 

T» V o\<^n Counties ol 

Jjonaventui'e, i o,o72 oaspfe, and 

the popula- 

,., . ^^^^r^. tionofeach. 

Total, . . . 697,084 -the total 

population. 



36. The Counties are divided into Seignories and How arc th« 
Townships. The Parishes sometimes contain but diviSed? 
one Seignory ; sometimes on the contrary, a Parish 

is formed of several Seignories and Townships 
cither entire or divided. 

37. The Counties and Ridings in Canada West what share 
return each one Member to Parliament, who, Canada in 
with two from the City of Toronto, and one each Untatlon*? 



224 



GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION 



How is 

Western 

Canada 

divided ? 



Name the 

Counties in 

the Eastern 

District, 

and the 

population. 

— of the Ot- 
tawa Dis- 
trict. 



— of the 

Johnstown 

District. 



-> oftbe 
Bathurst 
District. 



— of the 
Dalhousie 
District. 

— of th« 
Midland 
District. 



— ofVictoria 
District- 

— of the 

prince Ed- 
ward. Dis- 
tricu 

— of the 
Colborne 

District. 

— of the 
Newcastle 
District. 

-r of the 

Home 

Di3trict. 



from Kingston, Cornwall, Brockville, Hamilton, 
Niagara, Bytown, and London, make the share of 
Upper Canada in the representation of the Legisla- 
ture to be forty-two. 

38. Upper or Western Canada is divided into 
Districts and Counties. 

Counties. Districts. PopuIotio?i 

IN 1842. 
Glengarry, \ 

^'"aZ"'' f ^^^'^'■" 32,008 

Dundas, J 

Russel ) 
and [ Ottawa, . . . . . . 7,36-9 

Prescott, ) 

Grenville ) 

and > Johnstown, • . . • 32,445 

Leeds, ) 

Lanark ) 

and > Bathurst, . . • • • • 21,655 
Renfrew, } 

Carleton, . Dalhousie, . . . . • 16,193 
Frontenac, -s 

^an^' (-Midland, 34,448 

Addington, J 

Hastings, . Victoria, . . . ... 13,196^ 

Prince Edward, . Prince Ed^vard, . . 14,945 

Peterborough, , Colborne, .... 13,706 

Northumberland, ) 

and > Newcastle, . , • .31,015 

Durham, ) 

York, ) 

and > Home, . . . 69,0CO . 

The City of Toronto, ) 



OP CANADA* 



525 



Counties. 



Simcoe, 



Districts, 



Simcoe, . 



Wellington, 



including 
the town 
of Seneca 



Gore, 



Waterloo, 
Halton, 
and 

Wentworth, ( &Oneida, 

Welland ( excepting the ^^ 

, 1 towns of Se- f •,• 

and / neca, Oneida, > r>!iagara, 

Haldimand, t ^U°',"'"^ ^""^ S 

' V Walpole, ■' 

Norfolk, .... Talbot, . 



Oxford. 



Middlesex, 



Brock, 
London^ 



Huron, Huron . . 

Kent ) 

and V , . . . Western, . 
Essex, ) 

Territories ( Ottawa and Huron, 

not included < Indian country north of 
J i Lakes Superior and 

in any country, ( Huron, 



\ 



Population 

IN 1843. 
, . HjSOl 

. 14,476 
, . 45,059 

. 36,642 

. 10,455 

, . 17,286 

. 30,276 

. 7,196 

. 24,390 

. . 5,000 



— of the 
Simcoe 

District. 

— of the 
Wellington 

District., 

-^ of the 

Gore 
District. 



— of the 
Niagara 
District. 

— of the 
Talbot 

District. 

— of tlie 
Brock 

District. 

— of the 
London 

District. 

— of the 
Huron 

District, 

— of the 
Wesiem 

District, 

—of the Ter- 
ritories noi 
included in 
anv coun- 
try. 



Total, 



491,061 



— the total 
population. 



TABLE OF PROPER NAMES. 



(At the request of the Publishers Mr. Gibson, of the 
High School of Montreal, has drawn up the following 
Table of the principal Proper Names in the foregoing 
History, in the hope that Pupils may find it serviceable 
in removing any uncertainty in regard to their correct 
pronunciation. He has divided the Names into their 
constituent syllables, marked the accent, and adapted the 
spelling (within parentheses) as nearly as possible to the 
sound wherever the pronunciation differs materially from 
the orthography. In general the silent letters are printed 
in italics.) 



A-ben'a-quais (kays). 

A'bra-ham. 

A-ca'di-a. 

A-chille' (kil). 

Ai-gui^'/on. 

Aille'bout (boo) 

Aiz-la-Cha-pelle' (Sha-). 

Al'6a-ny. 

Al-be-marle'. 

Al-gon'quins (kins). 

Al'Ie-g/ia-ny 

Al-li-gou-an'tan (goo). 

Al'Iu-mets. 

Al'ly-on. 

A/n'toic/c (An'nic). 

A-mer'i-ca. 

A-mer'i-go. 

Am'herst-burg. 

An'cas-ter. 

An-jou' (Awng-zhoo'). 

An-ti-cos'-ti. 

Ar-gen'-son (gzawng'). 

Ar-gen-teu-il' (gzawng). 

Ar'-is-totle. 

Ar-kan'aas or 

Ar-kan-sas' (saw') 

Ar'nold. 



Ath-a-bas'ca or 
Ath-a-pes'cou?. 
Ath'ol. 

At-ti-gou-an'tan (goo). 
Au'-gus-tine. 
Aux-Sa'bks (o-sawbl). 
A-van gour'. 
Ayl'mer. 

Bag'ot. 

Ba-ha'ma. 

Bar-thol'o-mew. 

Bat-is-can'. 

Bath'urst. 

Beau-har'no-is (Bo-har'-no-aw). 

Beau'porf (Bo'por). 

Beau'pre. 

Beau-so-leil'. 

Be-can-cour' (coor). 

BeAr'ing. 

Bellfi-isle' (Bel-eel'). 

Bel-oeil' (ile). 

Ber'tAi-er (Ber'tche-ay). 

Bi-goi'. 

Bi-zarre'. 

Blen'Aeim 

Blon-deau' (do). 



1228 



TABLE OP PROPER NAMES* 



Bou-chette' (sh). 

Bour-gain-ville' (Boor). 

Bour'geois (gzhay). 

Brant'ford. 

Bret'on. 

Brit'ta-ny. 

Brock'vilk. 

Bu'adg. 

Buf'fa-Io. 

Bur-goyiie'. 

Bur'ling-toru 

By'town. 

Caen (Cawng). 

Cald'well. 

Cal-e-do'ni-a 

Cal'vin-ist. 

Cam'bridge (Cairn). 

Can'a-da. 

Ca-na-di-an. 

Ca-na'-di-en (ang) 

Ca-na-ries. 

Car'i-g-nac, 

Car'iZ-Zon (Car'i-ong). 

Carle'- ton. 

Car-o-li'na. 

Car'ti-er (tche-ay). 

Cas'pi-an. 

Cas-cades') 

Cat-a-raq'ui (we). 

Cath'ay. 

Cath'cart. 

Cath'o-lic. 

Caugh-na-wa'ga (Kak-waw). 

Cay-u'ga. 

Cha-leurs' (Sha), 

Cham-bly' (Sh). 

Cham-plain' (Sh). 

Charle-vo'ix (Sharl-vo'aw). 

Cha-teau-guay' (Sha-to-guee'). 

Chat'Aam. 

Chau-di-ere' (Sho). 

Chausse'-gros (Shos). 

Chau'vin (Sho). 

Ches'nau (Kes'no). 

Chi-cout'i-mi (She-coot'e-me). 

Chin-qua-cou'sy (cy). 

Chip'pe-wa. 

Cho'i-seul (Sho'aw). 

CAris'to-pher (fer). 

CArys'ler. 

Co'bourg. 



Col'ber/. 

Col'borne. 

Co-li'gny (lee'ghnee). 

Co-lum'bi-a. 

Con'de (day). 

Cor-do'va. 

Cor-ne'li-u8. 

Com'wall. 

Cot'eau-du-Lac (Cot'o). 

Cour-celles' (Coor-aell'). 

Dal-hous'ie (houz). 

Del'a-ware. 

De-non-ville'. 

De-tro'i^ (tro'aw). 

Di'a-mond. 

Di-eppe'. 

Do-min'go. 

Don-na-co'na. 

Dor'ches-ter. 

D urn-fries'. 

Dun-dab'. 

Dur'Aam. 

Ed'in-burgh. 

E-liz'a-beth. 

El'lice. 

E'rie. 

Etch'e-min (Esh'maing). 

Eu'gene. 

Eu'rope. 

Eu-ro-pe'an 

Ex-u'ma. 

Fen'e-lon (long). 

Fer-di-nan'do. 

Fish'-kile 

Flem'ish. 

Flor'en-tine. 

Flor'i-da 

Fon-taine-bleau' (bio) 

Frob'ish-er. 

Fron'te-nac. 

Ga-mache' (mash). 

Gal-is-30-ni-er«'. 

Gan-a-no'que. 

Gas'co-ny. 

Gas'pe 

Gen'o-a. 

Geor'gi-a (Jor'). 

Ger'main. 



TABLE OF PROPER NAMES, 



229 



eib-ral'tar. 

Gi-o-van'ni. 

Glen-gar'ry. 

God'er-ich (itch). 

Green't/;ich. 

Gwan-a-ha'ni. 

Guelph (GwelO- 

Hak'luyt. 

Hal'di-mand. 

Hal i-fax. 

Ham'il-ton. 

Hamjy'ton. 

Hav'i-land. 

Hay'ti (te). 

His-pa-ni-o'la. 

Hoch-e-la'ga (Hosh). 

Hoch'e-lai (Hosh). 

Hon'fleur (Hong), 

Uop'i-tal de5 Soeurs. 

Hud'son. 

Hu'gwe-not. 

Hum'ber-ton. 

Hun'ga-ry. 

Hun' ting- don. 

Hu'ron. 

Il'li-nois (nay). 
In-di-a'na. 
Ir'o-quois (Kay)* 
Isle-aux-Noix (Eel-o-no'aw)^. 
Is'ra-el-ite (Iz). 

Jer'sey (ze). 
Jes'u-it (Jez) 
Jon-caire'. 

Jon-qui-ere' (ke-aire). 
Ju-mon-ville'. 

Kam-ou-ras'ka. 

Kem^jt. 

Ken'ne-bec. 

Ken-tuc'ky. 

Kings'ton. 

Kin'nel. 

Lab-ra-dor'. 
La-chine' (sheen). 
La Cloche' (closh), 
La-dro'nes. 
Lan'caa-fer. 



j La-prai'rie. 

I L'lsl'e^ (L'Eel'yay). 

Liv'ing-ston. 

Lon'gueil (Long). 

Lo-rette'. 

L'Or-i-g:nal'. 

Lo^-bi-ni-ere.. 

Lou-is-i-a'-na« 

Lov'at? (Luv). 

McDon'ell. 

MacKen'zie. 

Ma-gel'lan. 

Mai-son-neuve/. 

Mait'land. 

Man-hat'tan. 

Man-i-tou-aw'ming. 

Man-i-tou'lin. 

Mar-qwette' (ket). 

Mas-ki-non'ge. 

Mas-sa-chu'setts (tchoo). 

Mat^h'ew. 

Me-gan'tic. 

Me-len'dez. 

Mem-phrem'a-gog (frem). 

Men-e-set'u-aA. 

Mes-sas-sa'gu-a. 

Met'calfe (caf). 

Meth'o-dist. 

Mich'i-gan (Mish). 

Mi-chil-li-mac'ki-nac. 

Mid'dle-sex. 

Mir-a-mi-chi' (shee). 

Mis-sis-sip'pi (pe) 

Mis-sou'ri (soo). 

Mis-tas'sin. 

Mo-bile' (heel). 

Mo-hawk'. 

Mon-go'li-an. 

Mont-calm' (Mong-cawm'). 

Mon-tc-zu'ma, 

Mon^-gom'e-ry (gum). 

Mon^-ma'g-ny (Mong) 

Mon/-mo-ren'ey. 

M on-tre-al'. 

Mo-ra'vi-an. 

Mor'ri-son. 

Mun-sees'. 

Nap-a-nee'. 
Na-po'le-on. 



230 



TABLE OF PROPER NAMES. 



Nar'va-ez. 

Neth'er-lands. 

New-found'land. 

Ni-ag'a-ra. 

Nor'man-dy. 

Not-ta-wa-sa'ga. 

Nou-velle' (Noo'). 

O'dell-town. 

Og'dens-burg. 

0-hi'o. 

0-nei'da. 

0-nin'thi-o. 

0-non-da'ga. 

On-ta'ri-o. 

Or'leans. 

0-swe'go. 

0-ton-a-bee/. 

Ot'ta-wa. 

Ou-re-on-ha're. 

Pak'en-ham. 

Pa'los. 

Pam'li-co. 

Pap'i-neau (no). 

Peg-'a-sus. 

PeH-e-tan'-gui-shine (sheen). 

Penn-syl-v a'ni-a. 

Pen-ob'scot. 

Per'e-grine. 

Phil-a-del'phia-a (Fil-fe). 

Phipps (Fips). 

Pic-tou'. 

Pi-erre' 

Platts'burg. 

Plym'outh. 

Pointe-aux-Trem'bles (Po-angt- 

o-Trang'ble). 
Pon^-gra've (ay). 
Pot-ta-wa-ta'mies. 
Pres'cott. 

Pres-qu'Isle' (Pres-k'Eel'). 
Pre-vos^ 
Pri-deaux' (do). 
Prot'es-tant. 

Que-bec'. 

Queens'ton. 

Quesne (Cane) 

Quin'te. 

B.dl'eigk. 

Ram'i-lies. 



Rans-se-la'er. 
Rec'ol-le^ (lay). 
Re-pen-ti'^ny (tee). 
RAode. 

Ri-bauZt (bo). 
Riche'lieu. 
Rid'eau (o). 
Ri-mous'ki (moos). 
Ris-ti-gouche' (goosh), 
Ro-a-noke'. 
Rob-er-val'. 
Ro-chelle' (shel). 
Ro'ches-ter. 
Ro'si-er (ay). 
Rot'ten-burg. 
Rou-deau' (o). 
Rou'en (awng). 
Rouge (Roozh). 
Rous-seWon' (Zong). 
Rou'ville. 
Rys'wick. 

Sac'kett's. 

Sag'we-nay. 

Sal'a-ber-ry. 

Sal'i-g-nac. 

Sal'va-dor. 

Sand'wich. 

Sar-a-to'ga. 

Sa-van'nah. 

Sau-geen'. 

SauZZ (So). 

Sche-nec'ta-dy (Ske)- 

Sea'ton. 

Se-bas'ti-an. 

Sel'bornc. 

Sen'e-ca. 

Se-ville'. 

Shaw-en'a-gam. 

Shaw-mees'. 

Sher'brooke. 

Sil'le-ry. 

Sim'coe. 

Sois-sons' (Swaw-song'^). 

Som'ers. 

So-rel'. 

Sta-da-co'na. 

St. Ben'-oii (waw). 

Cro'ix (Cro'aw). 

Den'is. 

Eu-stache'. 

Hy-a-cintAe'. 



TABLE OF PROPER NAMES. 



231 



St. I-g-nace'. 

Law'rence. 

Lou'is. 

Mau'rice. 

Scho-las-tiqiiC' (teek). 

Sul-pice' (peece). 
Su-pe'ri-or. 
Syd'en-ham. 

Ta-bas'co. 

Tad'ou-sac. 

Te-cum'seA. 

Tem-is-cam'ing. 

Terrg-bonne'. 

Thames (Terns). 

Ti-con-de-ro'ga. 

Tim-is-cou-a'ta . 

I'o-ron'to. 

Tours (Toor). 

Tra'cy. 

Tus-co-ro'ras. 

Ty-en-de-na'ga. 

Ur'su-la. 
U'trecAt. 

Van-couv'er. 

Va-rennes'. 

Vau-dreu-il'. 



Ve-las'quez. 

Ven-ta-dour'. 

Ver-cheres' (sh). 

Ver -mont'. 

Ver-ra-za'ni. 

Ves-puc'ci-o (pook'tche-o. 

Vin'cent. 

Vir-gia'i-a. 

Vol'ti-geurs. 

Wal'-pole. 

Wal'-sing-Aam. 

War'bur-ton, 

Wash'ing-ton. 

Wa-ter-loo'. 

Wel'land. 

We-quam'a-kong. 

Wes-ley'an. 

West'min-ster. 

Weth'er-all. 

Wil'ming-ton. 

Win'ni-peg. 

Wis-con'sin. 

Wy-an'dots. 

Yamas'ka. 
Yonge (Yung). 
Yu-ca-tan'. 



232 



CORRECTIONS. 



The authoress not having had the advantage of correcting the 
work as it went through the press, the following errors have been 
allowed to creep in :— 

Page For Read 

4 Gaunahani ..... Guanahani 

" 4th of January .... 15th of March 

5 visa ....... vista 

6 were immortalized . . . . was &c. 
22 Mount ....... Mont 

24 seem seems 

25 megre . . . . i. . . meagre 
29 course of discovery .... cause &c. 
31 nearly . . .... 

35 scite . . . 

36 Omit altogether the sentence beginning, 
** One of his first aims was, &c." 

37 Mount 

57 presision ...... 

'' Alter the sentence beginning " After serious 
consideration, &c " into " After serious 
consideration this course was adopted, and 
they were led in a reduced body of three 
hundred through the wide and noble region, 
lately peopled by their tribe to the number 
of ten or twelve thousand." 



near 
site 



Mont. 
preci;sioR 



60 proceeded . . . • • 


. 


preceded 


€2 priviledges ..... 




privileges 


67 were overtaken .... 


. 


was &c. 


68 possission 




possession 


69 " but on his arrival- he found" read " who 




on his arrival found." 






70 celebrety 


. 


celebrity 


75 scite . » , • 




site 


77 Escousin 




Eseonsin 


85 was pillaged 


„ 


were &c. 


104 ambusacde 




ambuscade. 


" Dieskien 




Dieskau 


107 vit 


. 


vive 


" parley plus . . , 




parlez pas plut 


« Tais toi . . • . • 


. 


Tais-toi 


*^ entendu . . . . . . 




entendus 


178 Rue Lake . . . 




Rice Lake 


187 dot . 


. 


deck 


199 omit these words in the question "and the 




opposition to education" 






2J2 the fifth and sixth questions should 


be 




transposed. 







THE END. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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